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We propose a fully asynchronous peak detection approach for SPAD-based direct time-of-flight (dToF) flash LiDAR, enabling pixel-wise event-driven depth acquisition without global synchronization. By allowing pixels to independently report…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-29 Yiyang Liu , Rongxuan Zhang , Istvan Gyongy , Alistair Gorman , Sarrah M. Patanwala , Filip Taneski , Robert K. Henderson

Direct time-of-flight (dToF) sensors are promising for next-generation on-device 3D sensing. However, limited by manufacturing capabilities in a compact module, the dToF data has a low spatial resolution (e.g., $\sim 20\times30$ for iPhone…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-05 Zhanghao Sun , Wei Ye , Jinhui Xiong , Gyeongmin Choe , Jialiang Wang , Shuochen Su , Rakesh Ranjan

We present a new method to acquire the 3D information from a SPAD-based direct-Time-of-Flight (d-ToF) imaging system which does not require the construction of a histogram of timestamps and can withstand high flux operation regime. The…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-16 Alessandro Tontini , Sonia Mazzucchi , Roberto Passerone , Nicolò Broseghini , Leonardo Gasparini

3D imaging is increasingly impacting areas such as space, defense, automation, medical and automotive industries. The most well-known optical 3D imaging systems are LIDAR systems that rely on Time of Flight (ToF) measurement. The depth…

Optics · Physics 2022-07-21 Koray Ürkmen , Emre Yüce

We propose a joint TDC and multi-time-gated imaging single-photon avalanche diode LiDAR sensor featuring a maximum detection range of 108m with a minimum depth resolution (least significant bit) of 2.93mm, fabricated in 110nm CMOS…

Optics · Physics 2026-03-23 Chang Liu , Edoardo Charbon

3D Time-of-Flight (ToF) image sensors are used widely in applications such as self-driving cars, Augmented Reality (AR) and robotics. When implemented with Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs), compact, array format sensors can be made…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-22 Germán Mora Martín , Stirling Scholes , Alice Ruget , Robert K. Henderson , Jonathan Leach , Istvan Gyongy

3D time-of-flight (ToF) imaging is used in a variety of applications such as augmented reality (AR), computer interfaces, robotics and autonomous systems. Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are one of the enabling technologies providing…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-13 Germán Mora-Martín , Alex Turpin , Alice Ruget , Abderrahim Halimi , Robert Henderson , Jonathan Leach , Istvan Gyongy

State-of-the-art time-of-flight (ToF) based 3D sensors suffer from poor lateral and depth resolutions. In this work, we introduce a novel sensor concept that provides ToF-based 3D measurements of real world objects with depth precisions up…

Long-distance depth imaging holds great promise for applications such as autonomous driving and robotics. Direct time-of-flight (dToF) imaging offers high-precision, long-distance depth sensing, yet demands ultra-short pulse light sources…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Manchao Bao , Shengjiang Fang , Tao Yue , Xuemei Hu

Indirect Time-of-Flight (iToF) cameras are a promising depth sensing technology. However, they are prone to errors caused by multi-path interference (MPI) and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Traditional methods, after denoising, mitigate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Felipe Gutierrez-Barragan , Huaijin Chen , Mohit Gupta , Andreas Velten , Jinwei Gu

New sensing technologies and more advanced processing algorithms are transforming computer-integrated surgery. While researchers are actively investigating depth sensing and 3D reconstruction for vision-based surgical assistance, it remains…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-22 Guido Caccianiga , Julian Nubert , Marco Hutter , Katherine J. Kuchenbecker

Time-of-flight (TOF) cameras are sensors that can measure the depths of scene-points, by illuminating the scene with a controlled laser or LED source, and then analyzing the reflected light. In this paper, we will first describe the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Radu Horaud , Miles Hansard , Georgios Evangelidis , Clement Menier

We present an analytic model for simulating automotive time-of-flight (ToF) LiDAR that includes blooming, echo pulse width, and ambient light, along with steps to determine model parameters systematically through optical laboratory…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-08 L. Dudzik , M. Roschani , A. Sielemann , K. Trampert , J. Ziehn , J. Beyerer , C. Neumann

Light-weight time-of-flight (ToF) depth sensors are small, cheap, low-energy and have been massively deployed on mobile devices for the purposes like autofocus, obstacle detection, etc. However, due to their specific measurements (depth…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Yijin Li , Xinyang Liu , Wenqi Dong , Han Zhou , Hujun Bao , Guofeng Zhang , Yinda Zhang , Zhaopeng Cui

Passive Time-of-Flight (ToF) imaging can be enabled by optical wireless communication (OWC). The lighting infrastructure is the backbone of emerging light-based wireless communication. To this end, communication sources are used as…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-18 Faisal Ahmed , Miguel Heredia Conde , Paula López Martínez

Time-of-flight (ToF) 3D imaging has a wealth of applications, from industrial inspection to movement tracking and gesture recognition. Depth information is recovered by measuring the round-trip flight time of laser pulses, which usually…

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has been widely used in autonomous driving and large-scale manufacturing. Although state-of-the-art scanning LiDAR can perform long-range three-dimensional imaging, the frame rate is limited by both…

Optics · Physics 2021-03-10 Zihan Zang , Zhi Li , Yi Luo , Yanjun Han , Xuanyi Liu , H. Y. Fu

Depth sensing is useful in a variety of applications that range from augmented reality to robotics. Time-of-flight (TOF) cameras are appealing because they obtain dense depth measurements with minimal latency. However, for many…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-03-27 James Noraky , Vivienne Sze

In the past ten years, the use of 3D Time-of-Flight (ToF) LiDARs in mobile robotics has grown rapidly. Based on our accumulation of relevant research, this article systematically reviews and analyzes the use 3D ToF LiDARs in research and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Tao Yang , You Li , Cheng Zhao , Dexin Yao , Guanyin Chen , Li Sun , Tomas Krajnik , Zhi Yan

Time-of-flight three dimensional imaging is an important tool for many applications, such as object recognition and remote sensing. Unlike conventional imaging approach using pixelated detector array, single-pixel imaging based on projected…

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