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The objective comparison of Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms is notoriously complex as outcomes and benchmarking of performances of different RL approaches are critically sensitive to environmental design, reward structures, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Sinan Ibrahim , Grégoire Ouerdane , Hadi Salloum , Henni Ouerdane , Stefan Streif , Pavel Osinenko

Deployment efficiency is an important criterion for many real-world applications of reinforcement learning (RL). Despite the community's increasing interest, there lacks a formal theoretical formulation for the problem. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-01 Jiawei Huang , Jinglin Chen , Li Zhao , Tao Qin , Nan Jiang , Tie-Yan Liu

While current benchmark reinforcement learning (RL) tasks have been useful to drive progress in the field, they are in many ways poor substitutes for learning with real-world data. By testing increasingly complex RL algorithms on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-16 Amy Zhang , Yuxin Wu , Joelle Pineau

Reinforcement learning (RL) methods have been shown to be capable of learning intelligent behavior in rich domains. However, this has largely been done in simulated domains without adequate focus on the process of building the simulator. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-24 Aditya Modi , Nan Jiang , Ambuj Tewari , Satinder Singh

In reinforcement learning (RL), it is easier to solve a task if given a good representation. While deep RL should automatically acquire such good representations, prior work often finds that learning representations in an end-to-end fashion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Benjamin Eysenbach , Tianjun Zhang , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Sergey Levine

Distributed ensemble learning (DEL) involves training multiple models at distributed learners, and then combining their predictions to improve performance. Existing related studies focus on DEL algorithm design and optimization but ignore…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Chao Huang , Pengchao Han , Jianwei Huang

Sequence prediction models can be learned from example sequences with a variety of training algorithms. Maximum likelihood learning is simple and efficient, yet can suffer from compounding error at test time. Reinforcement learning such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Bowen Tan , Zhiting Hu , Zichao Yang , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Eric Xing

With AlphaGo defeats top human players, reinforcement learning(RL) algorithms have gradually become the code-base of building stronger artificial intelligence(AI). The RL algorithm design firstly needs to adapt to the specific environment,…

Recent work has shown that reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising approach to control dynamical systems described by partial differential equations (PDE). This paper shows how to use RL to tackle more general PDE control problems that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-20 Yangchen Pan , Amir-massoud Farahmand , Martha White , Saleh Nabi , Piyush Grover , Daniel Nikovski

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm in Artificial Intelligence (AI), enabling agents to learn optimal behaviors through interactions with their environments. Drawing from the foundations of trial and error, RL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Majid Ghasemi , Amir Hossein Moosavi , Dariush Ebrahimi

Designing sample-efficient and computationally feasible reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms is particularly challenging in environments with large or infinite state and action spaces. In this paper, we advance this effort by presenting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Zakaria Mhammedi

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising method to solve control problems. However, model-free RL algorithms are sample inefficient and require thousands if not millions of samples to learn optimal control policies. A major source of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Atish Dixit , Ahmed Elsheikh

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a fundamental framework for sequential decision-making, in which an agent learns an optimal policy through interactions with an unknown environment. In settings with function approximation, many existing RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Ruiquan Huang , Donghao Li , Yingbin Liang , Jing Yang

Action-constrained reinforcement learning (ACRL) is a generic framework for learning control policies with zero action constraint violation, which is required by various safety-critical and resource-constrained applications. The existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Wei Hung , Shao-Hua Sun , Ping-Chun Hsieh

Finding meaningful and accurate dense rewards is a fundamental task in the field of reinforcement learning (RL) that enables agents to explore environments more efficiently. In traditional RL settings, agents learn optimal policies through…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Shuyuan Zhang

We prove a fundamental limitation on the efficiency of a wide class of Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms. This limitation applies to model-free RL methods as well as a broad range of model-based methods, such as planning with tree…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Brieuc Pinon , Raphaël Jungers , Jean-Charles Delvenne

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms aim to learn optimal decisions in unknown environments through experience of taking actions and observing the rewards gained. In some cases, the environment is not influenced by the actions of the RL…

Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) have advanced rapidly in recent years and have been successfully applied to e-learning environments like intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs). Despite great success, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Md Mirajul Islam , Xi Yang , Adittya Soukarjya Saha , Rajesh Debnath , Min Chi

Standard model-free deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms sample a new initial state for each trial, allowing them to optimize policies that can perform well even in highly stochastic environments. However, problems that exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-30 Dibya Ghosh , Avi Singh , Aravind Rajeswaran , Vikash Kumar , Sergey Levine