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Related papers: A Dive into WhatsApp's End-to-End Encryption

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WhatsApp messenger is arguably the most popular mobile app available on all smart-phones. Over one billion people worldwide for free messaging, calling, and media sharing use it. In April 2016, WhatsApp switched to a default end-to-end…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-01-25 Nidhi Rastogi , James Hendler

As social networking takes to the mobile world, smartphone apps provide users with ever-changing ways to interact with each other. Over the past couple of years, an increasing number of apps have entered the market offering end-to-end…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-02-02 Lucky Onwuzurike , Emiliano De Cristofaro

End-to-end encryption (E2EE) has emerged as a fundamental element of modern digital communication, protecting data from unauthorized access during transmission. By design, E2EE ensures that only the intended recipient can decrypt the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Hamish Alsop , Leandros Maglaras , Helge Janicke , Iqbal H. Sarker , Mohamed Amine Ferrag

Instant messaging services are quickly becoming the most dominant form of communication among consumers around the world. Apple iMessage, for example, handles over 2 billion message each day, while WhatsApp claims 16 billion messages from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-03-11 Scott Coull , Kevin Dyer

WhatsApp and many other commonly used communication platforms guarantee end-to-end encryption (E2EE), which requires that service providers lack the cryptographic keys to read communications on their own platforms. WhatsApp's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Madelyne Xiao , Palak Jain , Micha Gorelick , Sarah Scheffler

End-to-End Encryption (E2EE) ensures that only the intended recipient(s) can read messages. Popular instant messaging (IM) applications such as Signal, WhatsApp, Apple's iMessage, and Telegram claim to offer E2EE. However, client-side…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Hamish Alsop , Douglas Alsop , Joseph Solomon , Liam Aumento , Mark Butters , Cameron Millar , Yagmur Yigit , Leandros Maglaras , Naghmeh Moradpoor

WhatsApp is a popular messaging app used by over a billion users around the globe. Due to this popularity, understanding misbehavior on WhatsApp is an important issue. The sending of unwanted junk messages by unknown contacts via WhatsApp…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Pushkal Agarwal , Aravindh Raman , Damilola Ibosiola , Gareth Tyson , Nishanth Sastry , Kiran Garimella

In the era of social media and messaging applications, people are becoming increasingly aware of data privacy issues associated with such apps. Major messaging applications are moving towards end-to-end encryption (E2EE) to give their users…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-02 Raman Singh , Ark Nandan Singh Chauhan , Hitesh Tewari

On a daily basis, law enforcement officers struggle with suspects using mobile communication applications for criminal activities. These mobile applications replaced SMS-messaging and evolved the last few years from plain-text data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Dennis Wijnberg , Nhien-An Le-Khac

Encryption is crucial for securing sensitive data during transmission over networks. Various encryption techniques exist, such as AES, DES, and RC4, with AES being the most renowned algorithm. We proposed methodology that enables users to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Wasim Abbas , Salaki Reynaldo Joshua , Asim Abbas , Je-Hoon Lee

End-to-End Encryption (E2EE) aims to make all messages impossible to read by anyone except you and your intended recipient(s). Many well-known and widely used Instant-Messaging (IM) applications (such as Signal, WhatsApp, and Apple's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Mashari Alatawi , Nitesh Saxena

WhatsApp, with 3.5 billion active accounts as of early 2025, is the world's largest instant messaging platform. Given its massive user base, WhatsApp plays a critical role in global communication. To initiate conversations, users must first…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Gabriel K. Gegenhuber , Philipp É. Frenzel , Maximilian Günther , Johanna Ullrich , Aljosha Judmayer

We explore an emerging threat model for end-to-end (E2E) encrypted applications: an adversary sends chosen messages to a target client, thereby "injecting" adversarial content into the application state. Such state is subsequently encrypted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Andrés Fábrega , Carolina Ortega Pérez , Armin Namavari , Ben Nassi , Rachit Agarwal , Thomas Ristenpart

WhatsApp, the world's largest messaging application, uses a version of the Signal protocol to provide end-to-end encryption (E2EE) with strong security guarantees, including Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS). To ensure PFS right from the start…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Gabriel K. Gegenhuber , Philipp É. Frenzel , Maximilian Günther , Aljosha Judmayer

Billions of secure messaging users have adopted end-to-end encryption (E2EE). Nevertheless, challenges remain. Most communication applications do not provide E2EE, and application silos prevent interoperability. Our qualitative analysis of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Tarun Yadav , Austin Cook , Justin Hales , Kent Seamons

End-to-end encrypted (E2EE) messaging is an essential first step in providing message confidentiality. Unfortunately, all security guarantees of end-to-end encryption are lost when keys or plaintext are disclosed, either due to device…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Anrin Chakraborti , Darius Suciu , Radu Sion

Private messaging over internet related services is difficult to implement. Regular end-to-end encryption messaging systems are prone to man in the middle attacks and only hide messages but not the identity of its users. For example,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Friedrich Doku

WhatsApp is, as of 2018, a significant component of the global information and communication infrastructure, especially in developing countries. However, probably due to its strong end-to-end encryption, WhatsApp became an attractive place…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-08-20 Josemar Alves Caetano , Gabriel Magno , Evandro Cunha , Wagner Meira , Humberto T. Marques-Neto , Virgilio Almeida

The advent of end-to-end encrypted (E2EE) messaging and backup services has brought new challenges for usable authentication. Compared to regular web services, the nature of E2EE implies that the provider cannot recover data for users who…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Jenny Blessing , Daniel Hugenroth , Ross J. Anderson , Alastair R. Beresford

The content host services (like Dropbox, OneDrive, and Google Drive) used by enterprise customers are deployed either on premise or in cloud. Because users may store business-sensitive data (contents) in these hosting services, they may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-03 Chaoting Xuan
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