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The Traveling Salesman Problem is a classical NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem that has been extensively studied in operations research. A major challenge in Traveling Salesman Problem formulations is the large number of subtour…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Alessia Ciacco , Luigi Di Puglia Pugliese , Francesca Guerriero

Combinatorial optimization assumes that all parameters of the optimization problem, e.g. the weights in the objective function is fixed. Often, these weights are mere estimates and increasingly machine learning techniques are used to for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-25 Jaynta Mandi , Emir Demirović , Peter. J Stuckey , Tias Guns

Existing neural methods for the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) mostly aim at finding a single optimal solution. To discover diverse yet high-quality solutions for Multi-Solution TSP (MSTSP), we propose a novel deep reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Qi Li , Zhiguang Cao , Yining Ma , Yaoxin Wu , Yue-Jiao Gong

Over the recent years, reinforcement learning (RL) starts to show promising results in tackling combinatorial optimization (CO) problems, in particular when coupled with curriculum learning to facilitate training. Despite emerging empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Runlong Zhou , Zelin He , Yuandong Tian , Yi Wu , Simon S. Du

Data-driven approaches have been proven effective in solving combinatorial optimization problems over graphs such as the traveling salesman problems and the vehicle routing problem. The rationale behind such methods is that the input…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Mina Samizadeh , Guangmo Tong

Machine Learning (ML) can help solve combinatorial optimization (CO) problems better. A popular approach is to use a neural net to compute on the parameters of a given CO problem and extract useful information that guides the search for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Yeong-Dae Kwon , Jinho Choo , Iljoo Yoon , Minah Park , Duwon Park , Youngjune Gwon

This paper gives a detailed review of reinforcement learning (RL) in combinatorial optimization, introduces the history of combinatorial optimization starting in the 1950s, and compares it with the RL algorithms of recent years. This paper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Yunhao Yang , Andrew Whinston

Using machine learning to solve combinatorial optimization (CO) problems is challenging, especially when the data is unlabeled. This work proposes an unsupervised learning framework for CO problems. Our framework follows a standard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Haoyu Wang , Nan Wu , Hang Yang , Cong Hao , Pan Li

Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs) are significant Combinatorial Optimization (CO) problems holding substantial practical importance. Recently, Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO), which involves training deep learning models on extensive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Han Li , Fei Liu , Zhi Zheng , Yu Zhang , Zhenkun Wang

We introduce a combinatorial optimization-enriched machine learning pipeline and a novel learning paradigm to solve inventory routing problems with stochastic demand and dynamic inventory updates. After each inventory update, our approach…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-02-08 Toni Greif , Louis Bouvier , Christoph M. Flath , Axel Parmentier , Sonja U. K. Rohmer , Thibaut Vidal

Combinatorial optimization plays an important role in real-world problem solving. In the big data era, the dimensionality of a combinatorial optimization problem is usually very large, which poses a significant challenge to existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Yuan Sun , Andreas Ernst , Xiaodong Li , Jake Weiner

We study combinatorial problems with real world applications such as machine scheduling, routing, and assignment. We propose a method that combines Reinforcement Learning (RL) and planning. This method can equally be applied to both the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-19 Joel Oren , Chana Ross , Maksym Lefarov , Felix Richter , Ayal Taitler , Zohar Feldman , Christian Daniel , Dotan Di Castro

The Traveling Salesman Problem is one of the most intensively studied combinatorial optimization problems due both to its range of real-world applications and its computational complexity. When combined with the Set Covering Problem, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Yuwen Yang , Jayant Rajgopal

Neural Combinatorial Optimisation (NCO) is a promising learning-based approach for solving Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs) without extensive manual design. While existing constructive NCO methods typically follow an appending-based paradigm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Fu Luo , Xi Lin , Mengyuan Zhong , Fei Liu , Zhenkun Wang , Jianyong Sun , Qingfu Zhang

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a well-known NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem with wide-ranging applications in logistics, routing, and intelligent systems. Due to its factorial complexity, solving large-scale instances…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Rabab Alkhalifa , Fatima Alkhomayes , Boushra Almazroua , Dana Alhaidan , Maryam Alothman , Jumana Almuhaidib

Machine learning (ML) has shown promise for tackling combinatorial optimization (CO), but much of the reported progress relies on small-scale, synthetic benchmarks that fail to capture real-world structure and scale. A core limitation is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Shengyu Feng , Weiwei Sun , Shanda Li , Ameet Talwalkar , Yiming Yang

Neural solvers have demonstrated remarkable success in combinatorial optimization, often surpassing traditional heuristics in speed, solution quality, and generalization. However, their efficacy deteriorates significantly when confronted…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Zhanhong Fang , Debing Wang , Jinbiao Chen , Jiahai Wang , Zizhen Zhang

In this work we explore the combination of metaheuristics and learned neural network solvers for combinatorial optimization. We do this in the context of the transit network design problem, a uniquely challenging combinatorial optimization…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Andrew Holliday , Gregory Dudek

Finding the optimal solution is often the primary goal in combinatorial optimization (CO). However, real-world applications frequently require diverse solutions rather than a single optimum, particularly in two key scenarios. The first…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-15 Yuma Ichikawa , Hiroaki Iwashita

Many traditional algorithms for solving combinatorial optimization problems involve using hand-crafted heuristics that sequentially construct a solution. Such heuristics are designed by domain experts and may often be suboptimal due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Nina Mazyavkina , Sergey Sviridov , Sergei Ivanov , Evgeny Burnaev