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Ensuring the safe exploration of reinforcement learning (RL) agents is critical for deployment in real-world systems. Yet existing approaches struggle to strike the right balance: methods that tightly enforce safety often cripple task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Daniel Bethell , Simos Gerasimou , Radu Calinescu , Calum Imrie

Real-time 3D object detection is crucial for autonomous cars. Achieving promising performance with high efficiency, voxel-based approaches have received considerable attention. However, previous methods model the input space with features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Jun Wang , Shiyi Lan , Mingfei Gao , Larry S. Davis

Reliable detection of various objects and road users in the surrounding environment is crucial for the safe operation of automated driving systems (ADS). Despite recent progresses in developing highly accurate object detectors based on Deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Hakan Yekta Yatbaz , Mehrdad Dianati , Konstantinos Koufos , Roger Woodman

3D object detection has been wildly studied in recent years, especially for robot perception systems. However, existing 3D object detection is under a closed-set condition, meaning that the network can only output boxes of trained classes.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Jun Cen , Peng Yun , Junhao Cai , Michael Yu Wang , Ming Liu

Surround depth estimation provides a cost-effective alternative to LiDAR for 3D perception in autonomous driving. While recent self-supervised methods explore multi-camera settings to improve scale awareness and scene coverage, they are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Weimin Liu , Jiyuan Qiu , Wenjun Wang , Joshua H. Meng

The performance of domain adaptation technologies has not yet reached an ideal level in the current 3D object detection field for autonomous driving, which is mainly due to significant differences in the size of vehicles, as well as the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Ruixiao Zhang , Yihong Wu , Juheon Lee , Adam Prugel-Bennett , Xiaohao Cai

Camera-based 3D semantic occupancy prediction offers an efficient and cost-effective solution for perceiving surrounding scenes in autonomous driving. However, existing works rely on explicit occupancy state inference, leading to numerous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Naiyu Fang , Zheyuan Zhou , Kang Wang , Ruibo Li , Lemiao Qiu , Shuyou Zhang , Zhe Wang , Guosheng Lin

We present a new 3D point-based detector model, named Shift-SSD, for precise 3D object detection in autonomous driving. Traditional point-based 3D object detectors often employ architectures that rely on a progressive downsampling of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Zhili Chen , Kien T. Pham , Maosheng Ye , Zhiqiang Shen , Qifeng Chen

Reinforcement learning (RL) has demonstrated potential in autonomous driving (AD) decision tasks. However, applying RL to urban AD, particularly in intersection scenarios, still faces significant challenges. The lack of safety constraints…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ran Yu , Zhuoren Li , Lu Xiong , Wei Han , Bo Leng

Capturing uncertainty in object detection is indispensable for safe autonomous driving. In recent years, deep learning has become the de-facto approach for object detection, and many probabilistic object detectors have been proposed.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Di Feng , Ali Harakeh , Steven Waslander , Klaus Dietmayer

Adversarial robustness of BEV 3D object detectors is critical for autonomous driving (AD). Existing invasive attacks require altering the target vehicle itself (e.g. attaching patches), making them unrealistic and impractical for real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Aixuan Li , Mochu Xiang , Bosen Hou , Zhexiong Wan , Jing Zhang , Yuchao Dai

While 3D object bounding box (bbox) representation has been widely used in autonomous driving perception, it lacks the ability to capture the precise details of an object's intrinsic geometry. Recently, occupancy has emerged as a promising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Chaoda Zheng , Feng Wang , Naiyan Wang , Shuguang Cui , Zhen Li

The unsupervised 3D object detection is to accurately detect objects in unstructured environments with no explicit supervisory signals. This task, given sparse LiDAR point clouds, often results in compromised performance for detecting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Ruiyang Zhang , Hu Zhang , Hang Yu , Zhedong Zheng

Multi-object tracking is a cornerstone capability of any robotic system. The quality of tracking is largely dependent on the quality of the detector used. In many applications, such as autonomous vehicles, it is preferable to over-detect…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Tara Sadjadpour , Jie Li , Rares Ambrus , Jeannette Bohg

Comprehensive modeling of the surrounding 3D world is key to the success of autonomous driving. However, existing perception tasks like object detection, road structure segmentation, depth & elevation estimation, and open-set object…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-19 Yuqi Wang , Yuntao Chen , Xingyu Liao , Lue Fan , Zhaoxiang Zhang

There has been significant progress made in the field of autonomous vehicles. Object detection and tracking are the primary tasks for any autonomous vehicle. The task of object detection in autonomous vehicles relies on a variety of sensors…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Gaurav Raut , Advait Patole

Autonomous driving requires robust perception across diverse environmental conditions, yet 3D semantic occupancy prediction remains challenging under adverse weather and lighting. In this work, we present the first study combining 4D radar…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 David Ninfa , Andras Palffy , Holger Caesar

Deep learning has led to great progress in the detection of mobile (i.e. movement-capable) objects in urban driving scenes in recent years. Supervised approaches typically require the annotation of large training sets; there has thus been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Sangyun Shin , Stuart Golodetz , Madhu Vankadari , Kaichen Zhou , Andrew Markham , Niki Trigoni

For a self-driving car to operate reliably, its perceptual system must generalize to the end-user's environment -- ideally without additional annotation efforts. One potential solution is to leverage unlabeled data (e.g., unlabeled LiDAR…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Yurong You , Cheng Perng Phoo , Katie Z Luo , Travis Zhang , Wei-Lun Chao , Bharath Hariharan , Mark Campbell , Kilian Q. Weinberger

This paper demonstrates the applicability of the safe model predictive control (SMPC) framework to autonomous driving scenarios, focusing on the design of adaptive cruise control (ACC) and automated lane-change systems. Building on the SMPC…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-12 Francesco Prignoli , Ying Shuai Quan , Mohammad Jeddi , Jonas Sjöberg , Paolo Falcone