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Combinatorial optimization is widely regarded as a primary application for near-term quantum processors, although a definitive demonstration of the practical quantum advantage remains elusive. Recent studies have reported that both…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-21 Xian-Zhe Tao , Pavel Mosharev , Man-Hong Yung

Structured variational quantum algorithms such as the Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) have emerged as leading candidates for exploiting advantages of near-term quantum hardware. They interlace classical computation, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Vincent Eichenseher , Maja Franz , Christian Wolff , Wolfgang Mauerer

Combinatorial optimization problems are ubiquitous and computationally hard to solve in general. Quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA), one of the most representative quantum-classical hybrid algorithms, is designed to solve…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-12 Lixue Cheng , Yu-Qin Chen , Shi-Xin Zhang , Shengyu Zhang

Quantum Annealing (QA) is one of the most promising frameworks for quantum optimization. Here, we focus on the problem of minimizing complex classical cost functions associated with prototypical discrete neural networks, specifically the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-17 Guglielmo Lami , Pietro Torta , Giuseppe E. Santoro , Mario Collura

Quantum Machine Learning algorithms based on Variational Quantum Circuits (VQCs) are important candidates for useful application of quantum computing. It is known that a VQC is a linear model in a feature space determined by its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-09 Slimane Thabet , Léo Monbroussou , Eliott Z. Mamon , Jonas Landman

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is known for its capability and universality in solving combinatorial optimization problems on near-term quantum devices. The results yielded by QAOA depend strongly on its initial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-29 Xinwei Lee , Ningyi Xie , Yoshiyuki Saito , Dongsheng Cai , Nobuyoshi Asai

Quantum Annealing (QA) and QAOA are promising quantum optimisation algorithms used for finding approximate solutions to combinatorial problems on near-term NISQ systems. Many NP-hard problems can be reformulated as Quadratic Unconstrained…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-06 Namasi G Sankar , Georgios Miliotis , Simon Caton

In order to qualify quantum algorithms for industrial NP-Hard problems, comparing them to available polynomial approximate classical algorithms and not only to exact ones -- exponential by nature -- , is necessary. This is a great challenge…

Analytical and practical evidence indicates the advantage of quantum computing solutions over classical alternatives. Quantum-based heuristics relying on the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) and the quantum approximate optimization…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-05 Sarthak Gupta , Vassilis Kekatos

Variational quantum algorithms are believed to be promising for solving computationally hard problems and are often comprised of repeated layers of quantum gates. An example thereof is the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA),…

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid variational quantum-classical algorithm that solves combinatorial optimization problems. While there is evidence suggesting that the fixed form of the standard QAOA ansatz is…

The advent of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices offers crucial opportunities for the development of quantum algorithms. Here we evaluate the noise tolerance of two quantum neural network (QNN) architectures on IBM's NISQ…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-14 Kerstin Beer , Daniel List , Gabriel Müller , Tobias J. Osborne , Christian Struckmann

Quantum annealing (QA) has the potential to significantly improve solution quality and reduce time complexity in solving combinatorial optimization problems compared to classical optimization methods. However, due to the limited number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-09 Seongmin Kim , Sang-Woo Ahn , In-Saeng Suh , Alexander W. Dowling , Eungkyu Lee , Tengfei Luo

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a well-known hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for combinatorial optimization problems. Improving QAOA involves enhancing its approximation ratio while addressing practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-07 Yukun Wang , ZeYang Li , Linchun Wan

We present a quantum algorithm for portfolio optimisation. Specifically, We present an end-to-end quantum approximate optimisation algorithm (QAOA) to solve the discrete global minimum variance portfolio (DGMVP) model. This model finds a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-22 Haomu Yuan , Christopher K. Long , Hugo V. Lepage , Crispin H. W. Barnes

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is an appealing proposal to solve NP problems on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) hardware. Making NISQ implementations of the QAOA resilient to noise requires short ansatz…

We assess the prospects for algorithms within the general framework of quantum annealing (QA) to achieve a quantum speedup relative to classical state of the art methods in combinatorial optimization and related sampling tasks. We argue for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-22 E. J. Crosson , D. A. Lidar

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising variational quantum algorithm introduced to tackle classically intractable combinatorial optimization problems. This tutorial offers a comprehensive, first-principles…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-25 Alessandro Giovagnoli

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is expected to offer advantages over classical approaches when solving combinatorial optimization problems in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era. In its standard…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Arkadiusz Wołk , Karol Capała , Katarzyna Rycerz

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) constitutes one of the often mentioned candidates expected to yield a quantum boost in the era of near-term quantum computing. In practice, quantum optimization will have to compete with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-15 Charles Moussa , Henri Calandra , Vedran Dunjko