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Quantum error correction (QEC) is required for large-scale computation, but incurs a significant resource overhead. Recent advances have shown that by jointly decoding logical qubits in algorithms composed of transversal gates, the number…

Quantum computers have the potential to solve certain complex problems in a much more efficient way than classical computers. Nevertheless, current quantum computer implementations are limited by high physical error rates. This issue is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-29 Alessio Cicero , Luigi Altamura , Moritz Lange , Mats Granath , Pedro Trancoso

Current quantum processors are fragile, noisy and fairly limited in both quantity and quality with tens of qubits and physical error rates of around 10^-3. To realize practical quantum applications, however, error rates need to be below…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Hany Ali

Fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) critically depends on real-time classical decoding, which is rapidly emerging as a system bottleneck. As quantum systems scale, decoding latency and throughput limitations lead to exponential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-07 Jiahan Chen , Chenghong Zhu , Ge Bai , Xin Wang

Running quantum algorithms protected by quantum error correction requires a real time, classical decoder. To prevent the accumulation of a backlog, this decoder must process syndromes from the quantum device at a faster rate than they are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-01 Sophia Fuhui Lin , Eric C. Peterson , Krishanu Sankar , Prasahnt Sivarajah

Quantum computers could solve problems beyond the reach of classical devices, but this potential depends on quantum error correction (QEC) to protect fragile quantum states from noise. A central challenge in QEC is decoding: inferring…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Tianyi Xu , Qinglong Liu , Maolin Wang , Fei Zhang , Zhe Zhao , Yang Wang , Ye Wei

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) is required in quantum computers to mitigate the effect of errors on physical qubits. When adopting a QEC scheme based on surface codes, error decoding is the most computationally expensive task in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-14 Ramon Overwater , Masoud Babaie , Fabio Sebastiano

Quantum error correction (QEC) is believed to be essential for the realization of large-scale quantum computers. However, due to the complexity of operating on the encoded `logical' qubits, understanding the physical principles for building…

As quantum computing moves toward fault-tolerant architectures, quantum error correction (QEC) decoder performance is increasingly critical for scalability. Understanding the impact of transitioning from floating-point software to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-22 Francisco Garcia-Herrero , Javier Valls , Llanos Vergara-Picazo , Vicente Torres

The realization of fault-tolerant quantum computers hinges on the construction of high-speed, high-accuracy, real-time decoding systems. The persistent challenge lies in the fundamental trade-off between speed and accuracy: efforts to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-30 Riki Toshio , Kaito Kishi , Jun Fujisaki , Hirotaka Oshima , Shintaro Sato , Keisuke Fujii

Universal fault-tolerant quantum computation will require real-time decoding algorithms capable of quickly extracting logical outcomes from the stream of data generated by noisy quantum hardware. We propose modular decoding, an approach…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-10 Héctor Bombín , Chris Dawson , Ye-Hua Liu , Naomi Nickerson , Fernando Pastawski , Sam Roberts

Due to the low error tolerance of a qubit, detecting and correcting errors on it is essential for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Surface code (SC) associated with its decoding algorithm is one of the most promising quantum error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-15 Yosuke Ueno , Masaaki Kondo , Masamitsu Tanaka , Yasunari Suzuki , Yutaka Tabuchi

Realizing the full potential of quantum computing requires large-scale quantum computers capable of running quantum error correction (QEC) to mitigate hardware errors and maintain quantum data coherence. While quantum computers operate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-11 Chaithanya Naik Mude , Satvik Maurya , Benjamin Lienhard , Swamit Tannu

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for achieving fault-tolerant quantum computing. While superconducting qubits are among the most promising candidates for scalable QEC, their limited nearest-neighbor connectivity presents…

Quantum data is susceptible to decoherence induced by the environment and to errors in the hardware processing it. A future fault-tolerant quantum computer will use quantum error correction (QEC) to actively protect against both. In the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-30 D. Ristè , S. Poletto , M. -Z. Huang , A. Bruno , V. Vesterinen , O. -P. Saira , L. DiCarlo

Proposals for quantum computing devices are many and varied. They each have unique noise processes that make none of them fully reliable at this time. There are several error correction/avoidance techniques which are valuable for reducing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Mark S. Byrd , Daniel A. Lidar

Quantum computers have the possibility of a much reduced calculation load compared with classical computers in specific problems. Quantum error correction (QEC) is vital for handling qubits, which are vulnerable to external noise. In QEC,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Hideo Mukai , Hoshitaro Ohnishi

To unleash the potential of quantum computers, noise effects on qubits' performance must be carefully managed. The decoders responsible for diagnosing noise-induced computational errors must use resources efficiently to enable scaling to…

The quantum computing devices of today have tens to hundreds of qubits that are highly susceptible to noise due to unwanted interactions with their environment. The theory of quantum error correction provides a scheme by which the effects…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-02 Akshaya Jayashankar , Prabha Mandayam

Studies of quantum error correction (QEC) typically focus on stochastic Pauli errors because the existence of a threshold error rate below which stochastic Pauli errors can be corrected implies that there exists a threshold below which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-27 Stefanie J. Beale , Joel J. Wallman