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The ability of the deep learning model to recognize when a sample falls outside its learned distribution is critical for safe and reliable deployment. Recent state-of-the-art out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods leverage activation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Sudarshan Regmi

By design, discriminatively trained neural network classifiers produce reliable predictions only for in-distribution samples. For their real-world deployments, detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is essential. Assuming OOD to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-11 Sachin Vernekar , Ashish Gaurav , Vahdat Abdelzad , Taylor Denouden , Rick Salay , Krzysztof Czarnecki

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task for ensuring the reliability and safety of deep neural networks in real-world scenarios. Different from most previous OOD detection methods that focus on designing OOD scores or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Yao Zhu , YueFeng Chen , Chuanlong Xie , Xiaodan Li , Rong Zhang , Hui Xue , Xiang Tian , bolun zheng , Yaowu Chen

Deep learning systems deployed in real-world applications often encounter data that is different from their in-distribution (ID). A reliable model should ideally abstain from making decisions in this out-of-distribution (OOD) setting.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Berker Demirel , Marco Fumero , Francesco Locatello

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, i.e., finding test samples derived from a different distribution than the training set, as well as reasoning about such samples (OOD reasoning), are necessary to ensure the safety of results generated by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Zahra Rahiminasab , Michael Yuhas , Arvind Easwaran

A crucial requirement for machine learning algorithms is not only to perform well, but also to show robustness and adaptability when encountering novel scenarios. One way to achieve these characteristics is to endow the deep learning models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Eduardo Aguilar , Bogdan Raducanu , Petia Radeva

The open-world assumption in model development suggests that a model might lack sufficient information to adequately handle data that is entirely distinct or out of distribution (OOD). While deep learning methods have shown promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Achmad Ginanjar , Xue Li , Priyanka Singh , Wen Hua

As deep learning methods form a critical part in commercially important applications such as autonomous driving and medical diagnostics, it is important to reliably detect out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs while employing these algorithms.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Apoorv Vyas , Nataraj Jammalamadaka , Xia Zhu , Dipankar Das , Bharat Kaul , Theodore L. Willke

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for deploying deep learning models in open-world environments. Existing approaches, such as energy-based scoring and gradient-projection methods, typically rely on high-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-04 Zhexiao Huang , Weihao He , Shutao Deng , Junzhe Chen , Chao Yuan , Hongxin Wang , Changsheng Zhou

Efficient and effective Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the safe deployment of AI systems. Existing feature space methods, while effective, often incur significant computational overhead due to their reliance on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Litian Liu , Yao Qin

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for the deployment of machine learning models in the open world. While existing OOD detectors are effective in identifying OOD samples that deviate significantly from in-distribution (ID) data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Hao Fu , Prashanth Krishnamurthy , Siddharth Garg , Farshad Khorrami

Deep neural networks (DNNs) often exhibit overconfidence when encountering out-of-distribution (OOD) samples, posing significant challenges for deployment. Since DNNs are trained on in-distribution (ID) datasets, the information flow of ID…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Guide Yang , Chao Hou , Weilong Peng , Xiang Fang , Yongwei Nie , Peican Zhu , Keke Tang

Safe deployment of time-series classifiers for real-world applications relies on the ability to detect the data which is not generated from the same distribution as training data. This task is referred to as out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Taha Belkhouja , Yan Yan , Janardhan Rao Doppa

The increased success of Deep Learning (DL) has recently sparked large-scale deployment of DL models in many diverse industry segments. Yet, a crucial weakness of supervised model is the inherent difficulty in handling out-of-distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-15 Lixuan Yang , Dario Rossi

Out-of-distribution (OOD) prediction remains a significant challenge in machine learning, particularly for tabular data where traditional methods often fail to generalize beyond their training distribution. This paper introduces Tabular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Achmad Ginanjar , Xue Li , Priyanka Singh , Wen Hua

Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) with mismatched classes deals with the problem that the classes-of-interests in the limited labeled data is only a subset of the classes in massive unlabeled data. As a result, the classes only possessed by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Zhuo Huang , Ying Tai , Chengjie Wang , Jian Yang , Chen Gong

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection in 3D point cloud data remains a challenge, particularly in applications where safe and robust perception is critical. While existing OOD detection methods have shown progress for 2D image data, extending…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Tiankai Chen , Yushu Li , Adam Goodge , Fei Teng , Xulei Yang , Tianrui Li , Xun Xu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection identifies test samples that fall outside a model's training distribution, a capability critical for safe deployment in high-stakes applications. Standard OOD detectors are trained on a specific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Shawn Li , You Qin , Jiate Li , Charith Peris , Lisa Bauer , Roger Zimmermann , Yue Zhao

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for ensuring the reliability of deep learning models operating in open-world scenarios. Current OOD detectors mainly rely on statistical models to identify unusual patterns in the latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Konstantin Kirchheim , Frank Ortmeier

Deep neural networks for image classification only learn to map in-distribution inputs to their corresponding ground truth labels in training without differentiating out-of-distribution samples from in-distribution ones. This results from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Zhilin Zhao , Longbing Cao , Kun-Yu Lin