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Natural language explanations in visual question answering (VQA-NLE) aim to make black-box models more transparent by elucidating their decision-making processes. However, we find that existing VQA-NLE systems can produce inconsistent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Yahsin Yeh , Yilun Wu , Bokai Ruan , Honghan Shuai

Recent progress in deep reinforcement learning (DRL) can be largely attributed to the use of neural networks. However, this black-box approach fails to explain the learned policy in a human understandable way. To address this challenge and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Zhihao Ma , Yuzheng Zhuang , Paul Weng , Hankz Hankui Zhuo , Dong Li , Wulong Liu , Jianye Hao

Recent years have witnessed the success of deep neural networks in many research areas. The fundamental idea behind the design of most neural networks is to learn similarity patterns from data for prediction and inference, which lacks the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-24 Shaoyun Shi , Hanxiong Chen , Weizhi Ma , Jiaxin Mao , Min Zhang , Yongfeng Zhang

Standpoint logic is a recently proposed formalism in the context of knowledge integration, which advocates a multi-perspective approach permitting reasoning with a selection of diverse and possibly conflicting standpoints rather than…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Tim S. Lyon , Lucía Gómez Álvarez

I propose a paradigm for scientific progress in NLP centered around developing scalable, data-driven theories of linguistic structure. The idea is to collect data in tightly scoped, carefully defined ways which allow for exhaustive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Julian Michael

Natural language explanations (NLEs) are a special form of data annotation in which annotators identify rationales (most significant text tokens) when assigning labels to data instances, and write out explanations for the labels in natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Xinyan Zhao , V. G. Vinod Vydiswaran

The field of natural language processing (NLP) has witnessed significant progress in recent years, with a notable focus on improving large language models' (LLM) performance through innovative prompting techniques. Among these, prompt…

Neurosymbolic artificial intelligence (AI) systems combine neural network and classical symbolic AI mechanisms to exploit the complementary strengths of large scale, generalizable learning and robust, verifiable reasoning. Numerous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Aniruddha Chattopadhyay , Raj Dandekar , Kaushik Roy

Answering logical queries on knowledge graphs (KG) poses a significant challenge for machine reasoning. The primary obstacle in this task stems from the inherent incompleteness of KGs. Existing research has predominantly focused on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Zezhong Xu , Peng Ye , Lei Liang , Huajun Chen , Wen Zhang

Although most of the automated theorem-proving approaches depend on formal proof systems, informal theorem proving can align better with large language models' (LLMs) strength in natural language processing. In this work, we identify a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yunhe Li , Hao Shi , Bowen Deng , Wei Wang , Mengzhe Ruan , Hanxu Hou , Zhongxiang Dai , Siyang Gao , Chao Wang , Shuang Qiu , Linqi Song

We introduce the Neural State Machine, seeking to bridge the gap between the neural and symbolic views of AI and integrate their complementary strengths for the task of visual reasoning. Given an image, we first predict a probabilistic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Drew A. Hudson , Christopher D. Manning

The task of natural language inference (NLI) asks whether a given premise (expressed in NL) entails a given NL hypothesis. NLI benchmarks contain human ratings of entailment, but the meaning relationships driving these ratings are not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Juri Opitz , Shira Wein , Julius Steen , Anette Frank , Nathan Schneider

Mathematicians and computer scientists are increasingly using proof assistants to formalize and check correctness of complex proofs. This is a non-trivial task in itself, however, with high demands on human expertise. Can we lower the bar…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yousef Alhessi , Sólrún Halla Einarsdóttir , George Granberry , Emily First , Moa Johansson , Sorin Lerner , Nicholas Smallbone

Understanding the meaning of a text is a fundamental challenge of natural language understanding (NLU) research. An ideal NLU system should process a language in a way that is not exclusive to a single task or a dataset. Keeping this in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-29 Kinjal Basu , Sarat Varanasi , Farhad Shakerin , Joaquin Arias , Gopal Gupta

Despite the syntactic fluency of Large Language Models (LLMs), ensuring their logical correctness in high-stakes domains remains a fundamental challenge. We present a neurosymbolic framework that combines LLMs with SMT solvers to produce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Vikash Singh , Darion Cassel , Nathaniel Weir , Nick Feng , Sam Bayless

Quantitative reasoning is a higher-order reasoning skill that any intelligent natural language understanding system can reasonably be expected to handle. We present EQUATE (Evaluating Quantitative Understanding Aptitude in Textual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Abhilasha Ravichander , Aakanksha Naik , Carolyn Rose , Eduard Hovy

A main open question in contemporary AI research is quantifying the forms of reasoning neural networks can perform when perfectly trained. This paper answers this by interpreting reasoning tasks as circuit emulation, where the gates define…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Anastasis Kratsios , Dennis Zvigelsky , Bradd Hart

We marry two powerful ideas: deep representation learning for visual recognition and language understanding, and symbolic program execution for reasoning. Our neural-symbolic visual question answering (NS-VQA) system first recovers a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-16 Kexin Yi , Jiajun Wu , Chuang Gan , Antonio Torralba , Pushmeet Kohli , Joshua B. Tenenbaum

Modern Question Answering (QA) and Reasoning approaches based on Large Language Models (LLMs) commonly use prompting techniques, such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT), assuming the resulting generation will have a more granular exploration and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Erik Arakelyan , Pasquale Minervini , Pat Verga , Patrick Lewis , Isabelle Augenstein

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, but they exhibit problems with logical consistency in the output they generate. How can we harness LLMs' broad-coverage…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Bradley P. Allen , Prateek Chhikara , Thomas Macaulay Ferguson , Filip Ilievski , Paul Groth