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In this paper we outline a proposal for improving the governance of artificial intelligence (AI) by investing in government capacity to systematically measure and monitor the capabilities and impacts of AI systems. If adopted, this would…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Jess Whittlestone , Jack Clark

Risk-based AI regulation has become the dominant paradigm in AI governance, promising proportional controls aligned with anticipated harms. This paper argues that such frameworks often fail for structural reasons: they implicitly assume…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Hugo Roger Paz

Responsible AI (RAI) has emerged as a major focus across industry, policymaking, and academia, aiming to mitigate the risks and maximize the benefits of AI, both on an organizational and societal level. This study explores the global state…

This position paper argues that AI agents should be regulated by the extent to which they operate autonomously. AI agents with long-term planning and strategic capabilities can pose significant risks of human extinction and irreversible…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Takayuki Osogami

Recent advancements in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) establish the basis to address challenging tasks. However, with the integration of AI, new risks arise. Therefore, to benefit from its advantages, it is essential to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Ronald Schnitzer , Andreas Hapfelmeier , Sven Gaube , Sonja Zillner

Globally, artificial intelligence (AI) implementation is growing, holding the capability to fundamentally alter organisational processes and decision making. Simultaneously, this brings a multitude of emergent risks to organisations,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Finlay McGee

Artificial intelligence (AI) advances rapidly but achieving complete human control over AI risks remains an unsolved problem, akin to driving the fast AI "train" without a "brake system." By exploring fundamental control mechanisms at key…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Yong Tao

This document focuses on the threats, especially near-term threats, that Artificial Intelligence (AI) brings to society. Most of the threats discussed here can result from any algorithmic process, not just AI; in addition, defining AI is…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Don Byrd

The range of application of artificial intelligence (AI) is vast, as is the potential for harm. Growing awareness of potential risks from AI systems has spurred action to address those risks, while eroding confidence in AI systems and the…

While the increased use of AI in the manufacturing sector has been widely noted, there is little understanding on the risks that it may raise in a manufacturing organisation. Although various high level frameworks and definitions have been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Alexandra Brintrup , George Baryannis , Ashutosh Tiwari , Svetan Ratchev , Giovanna Martinez-Arellano , Jatinder Singh

The field of embodied AI (EAI) is rapidly advancing. Unlike virtual AI, EAI systems can exist in, learn from, reason about, and act in the physical world. With recent advances in AI models and hardware, EAI systems are becoming increasingly…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Jared Perlo , Alexander Robey , Fazl Barez , Luciano Floridi , Jakob Mökander

Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized decision-making processes and systems throughout society and, in particular, has emerged as a significant technology in high-impact scenarios of national interest. Yet, despite AI's impressive…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-08-05 Gregory Canal , Vladimir Leung , Philip Sage , Eric Heim , I-Jeng Wang

The widespread use of generative AI systems is coupled with significant ethical and social challenges. As a result, policymakers, academic researchers, and social advocacy groups have all called for such systems to be audited. However,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Jakob Mokander , Justin Curl , Mihir Kshirsagar

Recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) have permeated through an array of different immersive environments, including virtual, augmented, and mixed realities. AI brings a wealth of potential that centers on its ability to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Wangfan Li , Rohit Mallick , Carlos Toxtli-Hernandez , Christopher Flathmann , Nathan J. McNeese

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems connected to sensor-laden devices are becoming pervasive, which has notable implications for a range of AI risks, including to privacy, the environment, autonomy and more. There is therefore a growing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Mona Sloane , Emanuel Moss , Susan Kennedy , Matthew Stewart , Pete Warden , Brian Plancher , Vijay Janapa Reddi

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping society, from video generation to medical diagnosis, coding agents to autonomous vehicles. Yet researchers, policymakers, and technology companies lack shared terminology for discussing AI risks.…

AI safety benchmarks are pivotal for safety in advanced AI systems; however, they have significant technical, epistemic, and sociotechnical shortcomings. We present a review of 210 safety benchmarks that maps out common challenges in safety…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Cheng Yu , Severin Engelmann , Ruoxuan Cao , Dalia Ali , Orestis Papakyriakopoulos

Artificial intelligence (AI) is often presented as a key tool for addressing societal challenges, such as climate change. At the same time, AI's environmental footprint is expanding increasingly. This report describes the systemic…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Julian Schön , Lena Hoffmann , Nikolas Becker

Organizations and governments that develop, deploy, use, and govern AI must coordinate on effective risk mitigation. However, the landscape of AI risk mitigation frameworks is fragmented, uses inconsistent terminology, and has gaps in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Alexander K. Saeri , Sophia Lloyd George , Jess Graham , Clelia D. Lacarriere , Peter Slattery , Michael Noetel , Neil Thompson

Despite efforts to mitigate the inherent risks and biases of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, these algorithms can disproportionately impact culturally marginalized groups. A range of approaches has been proposed to address or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Rashid Mushkani , Hugo Berard , Toumadher Ammar , Cassandre Chatonnier , Shin Koseki