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In-sample overfitting is a drawback of any backtest-based investment strategy. It is thus of paramount importance to have an understanding of why and how the in-sample overfitting occurs. In this article we propose a simple framework that…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2019-02-06 Adam Rej , Philip Seager , Jean-Philippe Bouchaud

While there are many works on the applications of machine learning, not so many of them are trying to understand the theoretical justifications to explain their efficiency. In this work, overfitting control (or generalization property) in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Sergei V. Kozyrev , Ilya A Lopatin , Alexander N Pechen

Assisted by the availability of data and high performance computing, deep learning techniques have achieved breakthroughs and surpassed human performance empirically in difficult tasks, including object recognition, speech recognition, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Shaeke Salman , Xiuwen Liu

Generative models for financial time series often create data that look realistic and even reproduce stylized facts such as fat tails or volatility clustering. However, these apparent successes break down under trading backtests: models…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-01-21 Fan Zhang , Jiabin Luo , Zheng Zhang , Shuanghong Huang , Zhipeng Liu , Yu Chen

Machine learning models that are overfitted/overtrained are more vulnerable to knowledge leakage, which poses a risk to privacy. Suppose we download or receive a model from a third-party collaborator without knowing its training accuracy.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Hossein Rezaei , Mohammad Sabokrou

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are popular and successful generative models. Despite their success, optimization is notoriously challenging. In this work, we explain the success and limitations of GANs by casting them as Bayesian…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Maurizio Filippone , Marius P. Linhard

Overfitting is a well-known issue in machine learning that occurs when a model struggles to generalize its predictions to new, unseen data beyond the scope of its training set. Traditional techniques to mitigate overfitting include early…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Flavio Giorgi , Fabiano Veglianti , Fabrizio Silvestri , Gabriele Tolomei

Machine learning algorithms are used in diverse domains, many of which face significant challenges due to data imbalance. Studies have explored various approaches to address the issue, like data preprocessing, cost-sensitive learning, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Pankaj Yadav , Gulshan Sihag , Vivek Vijay

For machine learning task, lacking sufficient samples mean the trained model has low confidence to approach the ground truth function. Until recently, after the generative adversarial networks (GAN) had been proposed, we see the hope of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-22 Mengxiao Hu , Jinlong Li

In the financial sector, a sophisticated financial time series simulator is essential for evaluating financial products and investment strategies. Traditional back-testing methods have mainly relied on historical data-driven approaches or…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-10-15 Sohyeon Kwon , Yongjae Lee

Despite success on a wide range of problems related to vision, generative adversarial networks (GANs) often suffer from inferior performance due to unstable training, especially for text generation. To solve this issue, we propose a new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Yue Wu , Pan Zhou , Andrew Gordon Wilson , Eric P. Xing , Zhiting Hu

We study the prevalent problem when a test distribution differs from the training distribution. We consider a setting where our training set consists of a small number of sample domains, but where we have many samples in each domain. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2011-05-05 Dean Foster , Sham Kakade , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

The repeated community-wide reuse of test sets in popular benchmark problems raises doubts about the credibility of reported test-error rates. Verifying whether a learned model is overfitted to a test set is challenging as independent test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-15 Roman Werpachowski , András György , Csaba Szepesvári

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have made great progress in synthesizing realistic images in recent years. However, they are often trained on image datasets with either too few samples or too many classes belonging to different data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Shichang Tang

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have become a popular method to learn a probability model from data. In this paper, we aim to provide an understanding of some of the basic issues surrounding GANs including their formulation,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-10-23 Soheil Feizi , Farzan Farnia , Tony Ginart , David Tse

Fast adversarial training (FAT) is an efficient method to improve robustness. However, the original FAT suffers from catastrophic overfitting, which dramatically and suddenly reduces robustness after a few training epochs. Although various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Xiaojun Jia , Yong Zhang , Xingxing Wei , Baoyuan Wu , Ke Ma , Jue Wang , Xiaochun Cao

Predicting the Stock movement attracts much attention from both industry and academia. Despite such significant efforts, the results remain unsatisfactory due to the inherently complicated nature of the stock market driven by factors…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-03-01 Jingyi Gu , Fadi P. Deek , Guiling Wang

The estimation of loss distributions for dynamic portfolios requires the simulation of scenarios representing realistic joint dynamics of their components. We propose a novel data-driven approach for simulating realistic, high-dimensional…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-05-19 Rama Cont , Mihai Cucuringu , Renyuan Xu , Chao Zhang

Over-fitting is a dreaded foe in challenge-based competitions. Because participants rely on public leaderboards to evaluate and refine their models, there is always the danger they might over-fit to the holdout data supporting the…

Backtest is a way of financial risk evaluation which helps to analyze how our trading algorithm would work in markets with past time frame. The high volatility situation has always been a critical situation which creates challenges for…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-09-20 S. M. Masrur Ahmed