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We consider partially observed multiscale diffusion models that are specified up to an unknown vector parameter. We establish for a very general class of test functions that the filter of the original model converges to a filter of reduced…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-11-28 Andrew Papanicolaou , Konstantinos Spiliopoulos

The information on a quantum process acquired through measurements plays a crucial role in the determination of its non-equilibrium thermodynamic properties. We report on the experimental inference of the stochastic entropy production rate…

In this paper we review some properties of fuzzy observables, mainly as realized by commutative positive operator valued measures. In this context we discuss two representation theorems for commutative positive operator valued measures in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-07-01 S. Twareque Ali , Claudio Carmeli , Teiko Heinosaari , Alessandro Toigo

A number of atomic beam experiments, related to the Ramsey experiment and a recent experiment by Brune et al., are studied with respect to the question of complementarity. Three different procedures for obtaining information on the state of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 W. M. de Muynck , A. J. A. Hendrikx

We investigate the effect of coarse-graining on the energetics properties of a system, focusing on entropy production. As a case of study, we consider a one-dimensional colloidal particle in contact with a thermal bath, moving in a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-09-08 Pierpaolo Bilotto , Lorenzo Caprini , Angelo Vulpiani

For a quantum system undergoing a unitary process work is commonly defined based on the Two Projective Measurement (TPM) protocol which measures the energies of the system before and after the process. However, it is well known that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-22 P. Solinas , H. J. D. Miller , J. Anders

Quantum coherence is a fundamental feature of quantum mechanics and an underlying requirement for most quantum information tasks. In the resource theory of coherence, incoherent states are diagonal with respect to a fixed orthonormal basis,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-18 Felix Bischof , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

In statistical mechanics, measuring the number of available states and their probabilities, and thus the system's entropy, enables the prediction of the macroscopic properties of a physical system at equilibrium. This predictive capacity…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-12-14 Mathias Casiulis , Stefano Martiniani

Thermodynamic irreversibility is a fundamental concept in statistical physics, yet its experimental measurement remains challenging, especially for complex systems. We introduce a novel random coarse-graining framework to identify…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-09-25 Ruicheng Bao , Naruo Ohga , Sosuke Ito

Fully convolutional neural networks can process input of arbitrary size by applying a combination of downsampling and pooling. However, we find that fully convolutional image classifiers are not agnostic to the input size but rather show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Mats L. Richter , Wolf Byttner , Ulf Krumnack , Ludwdig Schallner , Justin Shenk

In both classical and quantum thermodynamics, physical quantities are typically assigned objective values defined independently of our observations. We then refer to the 'work performed by a gas', or the 'entropy of the gas', regardless of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-23 Giulia Rubino , Časlav Brukner , Gonzalo Manzano

Compressed sensing is a technique for recovering an unknown sparse signal from a small number of linear measurements. When the measurement matrix is random, the number of measurements required for perfect recovery exhibits a phase…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-12-30 Mateo Díaz , Mauricio Junca , Felipe Rincón , Mauricio Velasco

Neural networks have dramatically increased our capacity to learn from large, high-dimensional datasets across innumerable disciplines. However, their decisions are not easily interpretable, their computational costs are high, and building…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Mackenzie J. Meni , Ryan T. White , Michael Mayo , Kevin Pilkiewicz

We propose a scheme that can realize a class of positive-operator-valued measures (POVMs) by performing a sequence of projective measurements on the original system, in the sense that for an arbitrary input state the probability…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Guoming Wang , Mingsheng Ying

We present a general formalism for giving a measure space paired with a separable Hilbert space a quantum version based on normalized positive operator-valued measure. The latter are built from families of density operators labelled by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-06 Jean Pierre Gazeau , Barbara Heller

The concept of intrinsic and operational observables in quantum mechanics is introduced. It is argued that, in any realistic description of a quantum measurement that includes a detecting device, it is possible to construct from the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Piotr Kochanski , Krzysztof Wodkiewicz

Configurational entropy is an important factor in the free energy change of many macromolecular recognition and binding processes, and has been intensively studied. Despite great progresses that have been made, the global sampling remains…

Biological Physics · Physics 2012-12-04 Wenzhao Li , Kai Wang , Suyan Tian , Pu Tian

Measurement in biological systems became a subject of concern as a consequence of numerous reports on limited reproducibility of experimental results. To reveal origins of this inconsistency, we have examined general features of biological…

Other Quantitative Biology · Quantitative Biology 2017-04-03 Dalibor Štys , Jan Urban , Renata Rychtáriková , Anna Zhyrova , Petr Císař

In the signal-processing literature, a frame is a mechanism for performing analysis and reconstruction in a Hilbert space. By contrast, in quantum theory, a positive operator-valued measure (POVM) decomposes a Hilbert-space vector for the…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2020-04-27 Benjamin Robinson , Bill Moran , Doug Cochran

Varying coefficient models are widely used to characterize dynamic associations between longitudinal outcomes and covariates. Existing work on varying coefficient models, however, all assumes that observation times are independent of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-27 Yu Gu , Yangjianchen Xu , Peijun Sang