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The cooperation among AI systems, and between AI systems and humans is becoming increasingly important. In various real-world tasks, an agent needs to cooperate with unknown partner agent types. This requires the agent to assess the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Antti Keurulainen , Isak Westerlund , Ariel Kwiatkowski , Samuel Kaski , Alexander Ilin

The diversity of agent behaviors is an important topic for the quality of video games and virtual environments in general. Offering the most compelling experience for users with different skills is a difficult task, and usually needs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-11 Ciprian Paduraru , Miruna Paduraru

The swift evolution of Large-scale Models (LMs), either language-focused or multi-modal, has garnered extensive attention in both academy and industry. But despite the surge in interest in this rapidly evolving area, there are scarce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Xinrun Xu , Yuxin Wang , Chaoyi Xu , Ziluo Ding , Jiechuan Jiang , Zhiming Ding , Börje F. Karlsson

In 2016, 2017, and 2018 at the IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence in Games, the authors of this paper ran a competition for agents that can play classic text-based adventure games. This competition fills a gap in existing game AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-25 Timothy Atkinson , Hendrik Baier , Tara Copplestone , Sam Devlin , Jerry Swan

Deep reinforcement learning has achieved many recent successes, but our understanding of its strengths and limitations is hampered by the lack of rich environments in which we can fully characterize optimal behavior, and correspondingly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Maithra Raghu , Alex Irpan , Jacob Andreas , Robert Kleinberg , Quoc V. Le , Jon Kleinberg

Significant progress has been made in AI for games, including board games, MOBA, and RTS games. However, complex agents are typically developed in an embedded manner, directly accessing game state information, unlike human players who rely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Tianyang Wu , Lipeng Wan , Yuhang Wang , Qiang Wan , Xuguang Lan

The task of managing general game playing in a multi-agent system is the problem addressed in this paper. It is considered to be done by an agent. There are many reasons for constructing such an agent, called general game management agent.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2009-03-03 Rustam Tagiew

The development of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has benefited from the emergency of a variety type of game environments where new challenging problems are proposed and new algorithms can be tested safely and quickly, such as Board…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Hangtian Jia , Yujing Hu , Yingfeng Chen , Chunxu Ren , Tangjie Lv , Changjie Fan , Chongjie Zhang

Advances in deep reinforcement learning have allowed autonomous agents to perform well on Atari games, often outperforming humans, using only raw pixels to make their decisions. However, most of these games take place in 2D environments…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-01-30 Guillaume Lample , Devendra Singh Chaplot

Large language model (LLM)-based agents are increasingly applied to complex strategic environments that demand long-horizon reasoning, multi-agent interaction, and decision-making under uncertainty. However, common existing benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wenjie Tang , Yuan Zhou , Erqiang Xu , Keyan Cheng , Minne Li , Liquan Xiao

Finding meaningful and accurate dense rewards is a fundamental task in the field of reinforcement learning (RL) that enables agents to explore environments more efficiently. In traditional RL settings, agents learn optimal policies through…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Shuyuan Zhang

The General Video Game AI (GVGAI) competition and its associated software framework provides a way of benchmarking AI algorithms on a large number of games written in a domain-specific description language. While the competition has seen…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-08 Ruben Rodriguez Torrado , Philip Bontrager , Julian Togelius , Jialin Liu , Diego Perez-Liebana

Recent studies have uncovered the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) in addressing complex sequential decision-making tasks through the provision of high-level instructions. However, LLM-based agents lack specialization in tackling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Zihao Zhou , Bin Hu , Chenyang Zhao , Pu Zhang , Bin Liu

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has traditionally focused on training specialized agents to optimize predefined reward functions within narrowly defined environments. However, the advent of powerful Large Language Models (LLMs) and increasingly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Fangming Cui , Ruixiao Zhu , Cheng Fang , Sunan Li , Jiahong Li

Reasoning is a fundamental capability of large language models (LLMs), enabling them to comprehend, analyze, and solve complex problems. In this paper, we introduce TextGames, an innovative benchmark specifically crafted to assess LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Frederikus Hudi , Genta Indra Winata , Ruochen Zhang , Alham Fikri Aji

Reinforcement learning has steadily improved and outperform human in lots of traditional games since the resurgence of deep neural network. However, these success is not easy to be copied to autonomous driving because the state spaces in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-05-21 Sen Wang , Daoyuan Jia , Xinshuo Weng

Reinforcement learning is a machine learning approach based on behavioral psychology. It is focused on learning agents that can acquire knowledge and learn to carry out new tasks by interacting with the environment. However, a problem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-15 Hugo Muñoz , Ernesto Portugal , Angel Ayala , Bruno Fernandes , Francisco Cruz

Within the context of video games the notion of perfectly rational agents can be undesirable as it leads to uninteresting situations, where humans face tough adversarial decision makers. Current frameworks for stochastic games and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-09 Jordi Grau-Moya , Felix Leibfried , Haitham Bou-Ammar

Modeling agent behavior is central to understanding the emergence of complex phenomena in multiagent systems. Prior work in agent modeling has largely been task-specific and driven by hand-engineering domain-specific prior knowledge. We…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2018-08-02 Aditya Grover , Maruan Al-Shedivat , Jayesh K. Gupta , Yura Burda , Harrison Edwards

Going from research to production, especially for large and complex software systems, is fundamentally a hard problem. In large-scale game production, one of the main reasons is that the development environment can be very different from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-24 Jonas Gillberg , Joakim Bergdahl , Alessandro Sestini , Andrew Eakins , Linus Gisslen