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Albeit the ubiquitous use of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) in machine learning (ML) prediction tasks involving graph-structured data, their interpretability remains challenging. In explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), the Shapley Value…

Originally introduced in cooperative game theory, Shapley values have become a very popular tool to explain machine learning predictions. Based on Shapley's fairness axioms, every input (feature component) gets a credit how it contributes…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-19 Michael Mayer , Mario V. Wüthrich

The problem of explaining the behavior of deep neural networks has recently gained a lot of attention. While several attribution methods have been proposed, most come without strong theoretical foundations, which raises questions about…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-24 Marco Ancona , Cengiz Öztireli , Markus Gross

The Shapley value has become a popular method to attribute the prediction of a machine-learning model on an input to its base features. The use of the Shapley value is justified by citing [16] showing that it is the \emph{unique} method…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-10 Mukund Sundararajan , Amir Najmi

M\"obius inversion and Shapley values are two mathematical tools for characterizing and decomposing higher-order structure in complex systems. The former defines higher-order interactions as discrete derivatives over a partial order; the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Patrick Forré , Abel Jansma

Originally rooted in game theory, the Shapley Value (SV) has recently become an important tool in machine learning research. Perhaps most notably, it is used for feature attribution and data valuation in explainable artificial intelligence.…

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are popular machine learning models for graphs with many applications across scientific domains. However, GNNs are considered black box models, and it is challenging to understand how the model makes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Selahattin Akkas , Ariful Azad

Many existing approaches for estimating feature importance are problematic because they ignore or hide dependencies among features. A causal graph, which encodes the relationships among input variables, can aid in assigning feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Jiaxuan Wang , Jenna Wiens , Scott Lundberg

Deep neural networks have demonstrated remarkable performance across various domains, yet their decision-making processes remain opaque. Although many explanation methods are dedicated to bringing the obscurity of DNNs to light, they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Kanglong Fan , Yunqiao Yang , Chen Ma

Local feature attribution methods are increasingly used to explain complex machine learning models. However, current methods are limited because they are extremely expensive to compute or are not capable of explaining a distributed series…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Hugh Chen , Scott M. Lundberg , Su-In Lee

In spite of increased attention on explainable machine learning models, explaining multi-output predictions has not yet been extensively addressed. Methods that use Shapley values to attribute feature contributions to the decision making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Célia Wafa Ayad , Thomas Bonnier , Benjamin Bosch , Jesse Read

Many important questions about a model cannot be answered just by explaining how much each feature contributes to its output. To answer a broader set of questions, we generalize a popular, mathematically well-grounded explanation technique,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Dillon Bowen , Lyle Ungar

Shapley values, which were originally designed to assign attributions to individual players in coalition games, have become a commonly used approach in explainable machine learning to provide attributions to input features for black-box…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Che-Ping Tsai , Chih-Kuan Yeh , Pradeep Ravikumar

Additive feature explanations using Shapley values have become popular for providing transparency into the relative importance of each feature to an individual prediction of a machine learning model. While Shapley values provide a unique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Thomas W. Campbell , Heinrich Roder , Robert W. Georgantas , Joanna Roder

Feature attribution methods help make machine learning-based inference explainable by determining how much one or several features have contributed to a model's output. A particularly popular attribution method is based on the Shapley value…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Filip Naudot , Tobias Sundqvist , Timotheus Kampik

We consider a global representation of a regression or classification function by decomposing it into the sum of main and interaction components of arbitrary order. We propose a new identification constraint that allows for the extraction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Munir Hiabu , Joseph T. Meyer , Marvin N. Wright

In this work, we examine Asymmetric Shapley Values (ASV), a variant of the popular SHAP additive local explanation method. ASV proposes a way to improve model explanations incorporating known causal relations between variables, and is also…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Domokos M. Kelen , Mihály Petreczky , Péter Kersch , András A. Benczúr

Shapley value is a popular approach for measuring the influence of individual features. While Shapley feature attribution is built upon desiderata from game theory, some of its constraints may be less natural in certain machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Yongchan Kwon , James Zou

Game-theoretic formulations of feature importance have become popular as a way to "explain" machine learning models. These methods define a cooperative game between the features of a model and distribute influence among these input elements…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-01 I. Elizabeth Kumar , Suresh Venkatasubramanian , Carlos Scheidegger , Sorelle Friedler

The SHAP (short for Shapley additive explanation) framework has become an essential tool for attributing importance to variables in predictive tasks. In model-agnostic settings, SHAP uses the concept of Shapley values from cooperative game…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-12 Justin Whitehouse , Ayush Sawarni , Vasilis Syrgkanis