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Pre-trained language models have been known to perpetuate biases from the underlying datasets to downstream tasks. However, these findings are predominantly based on monolingual language models for English, whereas there are few…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Sandra Martinková , Karolina Stańczak , Isabelle Augenstein

This paper is a collaborative effort between Linguistics, Law, and Computer Science to evaluate stereotypes and biases in automated translation systems. We advocate gender-neutral translation as a means to promote gender inclusion and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Fatemeh Mohammadi , Marta Annamaria Tamborini , Paolo Ceravolo , Costanza Nardocci , Samira Maghool

Recent instruction fine-tuned models can solve multiple NLP tasks when prompted to do so, with machine translation (MT) being a prominent use case. However, current research often focuses on standard performance benchmarks, leaving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Giuseppe Attanasio , Flor Miriam Plaza-del-Arco , Debora Nozza , Anne Lauscher

Existing approaches to mitigate demographic biases evaluate on monolingual data, however, multilingual data has not been examined. In this work, we treat the gender as domains (e.g., male vs. female) and present a standard domain adaptation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Xiaolei Huang

Language models (LMs) exhibit and amplify many types of undesirable biases learned from the training data, including gender bias. However, we lack tools for effectively and efficiently changing this behavior without hurting general language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Abhijith Chintam , Rahel Beloch , Willem Zuidema , Michael Hanna , Oskar van der Wal

Model-based evaluation metrics (e.g., CLIPScore and GPTScore) have demonstrated decent correlations with human judgments in various language generation tasks. However, their impact on fairness remains largely unexplored. It is widely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Haoyi Qiu , Zi-Yi Dou , Tianlu Wang , Asli Celikyilmaz , Nanyun Peng

The term "Code Mixed" refers to the use of more than one language in the same text. This phenomenon is predominantly observed on social media platforms, with an increasing amount of adaptation as time goes on. It is critical to detect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Aryan Patil , Varad Patwardhan , Abhishek Phaltankar , Gauri Takawane , Raviraj Joshi

It is well known that textual data on the internet and other digital platforms contain significant levels of bias and stereotypes. Although many such texts contain stereotypes and biases that inherently exist in natural language for reasons…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-24 Ewoenam Kwaku Tokpo , Toon Calders

Recent research has demonstrated that large pre-trained language models reflect societal biases expressed in natural language. The present paper introduces a simple method for probing language models to conduct a multilingual study of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Karolina Stańczak , Sagnik Ray Choudhury , Tiago Pimentel , Ryan Cotterell , Isabelle Augenstein

Despite numerous efforts to mitigate their biases, ML systems continue to harm already-marginalized people. While predominant ML approaches assume bias can be removed and fair models can be created, we show that these are not always…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Lucy Havens , Benjamin Bach , Melissa Terras , Beatrice Alex

Recent generative large language models (LLMs) show remarkable performance in non-English languages, but when prompted in those languages they tend to express higher harmful social biases and toxicity levels. Prior work has shown that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Vera Neplenbroek , Arianna Bisazza , Raquel Fernández

Dialogue systems play an increasingly important role in various aspects of our daily life. It is evident from recent research that dialogue systems trained on human conversation data are biased. In particular, they can produce responses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Haochen Liu , Wentao Wang , Yiqi Wang , Hui Liu , Zitao Liu , Jiliang Tang

Over the last few years, Contextualized Pre-trained Neural Language Models, such as BERT, GPT, have shown significant gains in various NLP tasks. To enhance the robustness of existing pre-trained models, one way is adversarial examples…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Wenqian Ye , Fei Xu , Yaojia Huang , Cassie Huang , Ji A

Text embedding is becoming an increasingly popular AI methodology, especially among businesses, yet the potential of text embedding models to be biased is not well understood. This paper examines the degree to which a selection of popular…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Vasyl Rakivnenko , Nestor Maslej , Jessica Cervi , Volodymyr Zhukov

Large language models(LLM) are pre-trained on extensive corpora to learn facts and human cognition which contain human preferences. However, this process can inadvertently lead to these models acquiring biases and stereotypes prevalent in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Yuchen Cai , Ding Cao , Rongxi Guo , Yaqin Wen , Guiquan Liu , Enhong Chen

This paper studies gender bias in machine translation through the lens of Large Language Models (LLMs). Four widely-used test sets are employed to benchmark various base LLMs, comparing their translation quality and gender bias against…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Aleix Sant , Carlos Escolano , Audrey Mash , Francesca De Luca Fornaciari , Maite Melero

The meteoric rise in text generation capability has been accompanied by parallel growth in interest in machine-generated text detection: the capability to identify whether a given text was generated using a model or written by a person.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Kevin Stowe , Svetlana Afanaseva , Rodolfo Raimundo , Yitao Sun , Kailash Patil

Despite their prevalence in society, social biases are difficult to identify, primarily because human judgements in this domain can be unreliable. We take an unsupervised approach to identifying gender bias against women at a comment level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Anjalie Field , Yulia Tsvetkov

Medical systems in general, and patient treatment decisions and outcomes in particular, are affected by bias based on gender and other demographic elements. As language models are increasingly applied to medicine, there is a growing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-11 Joshua R. Minot , Nicholas Cheney , Marc Maier , Danne C. Elbers , Christopher M. Danforth , Peter Sheridan Dodds

The presence of social biases in large language models (LLMs) has become a significant concern in AI research. These biases, often embedded in training data, can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and distort decision-making processes. When…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Amirabbas Afzali , Amirreza Velae , Iman Ahmadi , Mohammad Aliannejadi