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Self-supervised learning is an emerging machine learning paradigm. Compared to supervised learning which leverages high-quality labeled datasets, self-supervised learning relies on unlabeled datasets to pre-train powerful encoders which can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Tianshuo Cong , Xinlei He , Yang Zhang

Self-supervised learning (SSL) encoders are invaluable intellectual property (IP). However, no existing SSL watermarking for IP protection can concurrently satisfy the following two practical requirements: (1) provide ownership verification…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Yongqi Jiang , Yansong Gao , Boyu Kuang , Chunyi Zhou , Anmin Fu , Liquan Chen

The rapid advancement of deep neural networks (DNNs) heavily relies on large-scale, high-quality datasets. However, unauthorized commercial use of these datasets severely violates the intellectual property rights of dataset owners. Existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yingjia Wang , Ting Qiao , Xing Liu , Chongzuo Li , Sixing Wu , Jianbin Li

Self-supervised learning (SSL), a paradigm harnessing unlabeled datasets to train robust encoders, has recently witnessed substantial success. These encoders serve as pivotal feature extractors for downstream tasks, demanding significant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Xiaobei Li , Changchun Yin , Liyue Zhu , Xiaogang Xu , Liming Fang , Run Wang , Chenhao Lin

Recent years have witnessed the prosperous development of Graph Self-supervised Learning (GSSL), which enables to pre-train transferable foundation graph encoders. However, the easy-to-plug-in nature of such encoders makes them vulnerable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Xiangyu Zhao , Hanzhou Wu , Xinpeng Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across a wide range of natural language processing tasks, demonstrating human-level performance in text generation, reasoning, and question answering. However, training such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yanbo Dai , Zongjie Li , Zhenlan Ji , Shuai Wang

Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) is an increasingly popular ML paradigm that trains models to transform complex inputs into representations without relying on explicit labels. These representations encode similarity structures that enable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Adam Dziedzic , Nikita Dhawan , Muhammad Ahmad Kaleem , Jonas Guan , Nicolas Papernot

Deep Neural Networks have created a paradigm shift in our ability to comprehend raw data in various important fields ranging from computer vision and natural language processing to intelligence warfare and healthcare. While DNNs are…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2019-04-02 Huili Chen , Bita Darvish Rouhani , Farinaz Koushanfar

Model watermarking utilizes internal representations to protect the ownership of large language models (LLMs). However, these features inevitably undergo complex distortions during realistic model modifications such as fine-tuning,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Zikang Ding , Junhao Li , Suling Wu , Junchi Yao , Hongbo Liu , Lijie Hu

Watermarking has recently emerged as an effective strategy for detecting the outputs of large language models (LLMs). Most existing schemes require white-box access to the model's next-token probability distribution, which is typically not…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Dara Bahri , John Wieting

Self-supervised learning (SSL) is a machine learning approach where the data itself provides supervision, eliminating the need for external labels. The model is forced to learn about the data structure or context by solving a pretext task.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Markus Marks , Manuel Knott , Neehar Kondapaneni , Elijah Cole , Thijs Defraeye , Fernando Perez-Cruz , Pietro Perona

Watermarking has become a plausible candidate for ownership verification and intellectual property protection of deep neural networks. Regarding image classification neural networks, current watermarking schemes uniformly resort to backdoor…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Fangqi Li , Shilin Wang

Watermarking has emerged as a promising way to detect LLM-generated text, by augmenting LLM generations with later detectable signals. Recent work has proposed multiple families of watermarking schemes, several of which focus on preserving…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Thibaud Gloaguen , Nikola Jovanović , Robin Staab , Martin Vechev

In recent years, tremendous success has been witnessed in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), widely used to enhance Large Language Models (LLMs) in domain-specific, knowledge-intensive, and privacy-sensitive tasks. However, attackers may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Peizhuo Lv , Mengjie Sun , Hao Wang , Xiaofeng Wang , Shengzhi Zhang , Yuxuan Chen , Kai Chen , Limin Sun

Self-supervised learning (SSL) is a prevalent approach for encoding data representations. Using a pre-trained SSL image encoder and subsequently training a downstream classifier, impressive performance can be achieved on various tasks with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Mengxin Zheng , Jiaqi Xue , Zihao Wang , Xun Chen , Qian Lou , Lei Jiang , Xiaofeng Wang

With the advancement of intelligent healthcare, medical pre-trained language models (Med-PLMs) have emerged and demonstrated significant effectiveness in downstream medical tasks. While these models are valuable assets, they are vulnerable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Cong Kong , Rui Xu , Weixi Chen , Jiawei Chen , Zhaoxia Yin

Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) has emerged as a promising approach in computer vision, enabling networks to learn meaningful representations from large unlabeled datasets. SSL methods fall into two main categories: instance discrimination…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Alina Ciocarlan , Sidonie Lefebvre , Sylvie Le Hégarat-Mascle , Arnaud Woiselle

LLMs now exhibit human-like skills in various fields, leading to worries about misuse. Thus, detecting generated text is crucial. However, passive detection methods are stuck in domain specificity and limited adversarial robustness. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Xi Yang , Kejiang Chen , Weiming Zhang , Chang Liu , Yuang Qi , Jie Zhang , Han Fang , Nenghai Yu

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has recently received significant attention due to its ability to train high-performance encoders purely on unlabeled data-often scraped from the internet. This data can still be sensitive and empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Wenhao Wang , Muhammad Ahmad Kaleem , Adam Dziedzic , Michael Backes , Nicolas Papernot , Franziska Boenisch

Ownership verification for neural networks is important for protecting these models from illegal copying, free-riding, re-distribution and other intellectual property misuse. We present a novel methodology for neural network ownership…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Feisi Fu , Wenchao Li
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