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Deep learning models are susceptible to adversarial attacks, where slight perturbations to input data lead to misclassification. Adversarial attacks become increasingly effective with access to information about the targeted classifier. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Yu Zhe , Rei Nagaike , Daiki Nishiyama , Kazuto Fukuchi , Jun Sakuma

We study reward poisoning attacks in reinforcement learning (RL), where an adversary manipulates rewards within constrained budgets to force the target RL agent to adopt a policy that aligns with the attacker's objectives. Prior works on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Jose Efraim Aguilar Escamilla , Haoyang Hong , Jiawei Li , Haoyu Zhao , Xuezhou Zhang , Sanghyun Hong , Huazheng Wang

Deep reinforcement learning models are vulnerable to adversarial attacks that can decrease a victim's cumulative expected reward by manipulating the victim's observations. Despite the efficiency of previous optimization-based methods for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 You Qiaoben , Chengyang Ying , Xinning Zhou , Hang Su , Jun Zhu , Bo Zhang

Reinforcement learning agents learn by encouraging behaviours which maximize their total reward, usually provided by the environment. In many environments, however, the reward is provided after a series of actions rather than each single…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Mohammad Reza Bonyadi , Rui Wang , Maryam Ziaei

In recent years, Reward Machines (RMs) have stood out as a simple yet effective automata-based formalism for exposing and exploiting task structure in reinforcement learning settings. Despite their relevance, little to no attention has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Lorenzo Nodari

This paper proposes adversarial attacks for Reinforcement Learning (RL) and then improves the robustness of Deep Reinforcement Learning algorithms (DRL) to parameter uncertainties with the help of these attacks. We show that even a naively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-12 Anay Pattanaik , Zhenyi Tang , Shuijing Liu , Gautham Bommannan , Girish Chowdhary

Adversarial attacks have exposed a significant security vulnerability in state-of-the-art machine learning models. Among these models include deep reinforcement learning agents. The existing methods for attacking reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-17 Matthew Inkawhich , Yiran Chen , Hai Li

As machine learning models become more capable, they have exhibited increased potential in solving complex tasks. One of the most promising directions uses deep reinforcement learning to train autonomous agents in computer network defense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Elizabeth Bates , Vasilios Mavroudis , Chris Hicks

Backdoor attacks in reinforcement learning (RL) have previously employed intense attack strategies to ensure attack success. However, these methods suffer from high attack costs and increased detectability. In this work, we propose a novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Jing Cui , Yufei Han , Yuzhe Ma , Jianbin Jiao , Junge Zhang

Motivated by applications to online advertising and recommender systems, we consider a game-theoretic model with delayed rewards and asynchronous, payoff-based feedback. In contrast to previous work on delayed multi-armed bandits, we focus…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-06-22 Amélie Héliou , Panayotis Mertikopoulos , Zhengyuan Zhou

The use of target networks in deep reinforcement learning is a widely popular solution to mitigate the brittleness of semi-gradient approaches and stabilize learning. However, target networks notoriously require additional memory and delay…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Théo Vincent , Yogesh Tripathi , Tim Faust , Abdullah Akgül , Yaniv Oren , Melih Kandemir , Jan Peters , Carlo D'Eramo

Social networks are frequently polluted by rumors, which can be detected by advanced models such as graph neural networks. However, the models are vulnerable to attacks and understanding the vulnerabilities is critical to rumor detection in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Yuefei Lyu , Xiaoyu Yang , Jiaxin Liu , Philip S. Yu , Sihong Xie , Xi Zhang

Backdoor attacks on reinforcement learning implant a backdoor in a victim agent's policy. Once the victim observes the trigger signal, it will switch to the abnormal mode and fail its task. Most of the attacks assume the adversary can…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Shuo Chen , Yue Qiu , Jie Zhang

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has made significant achievements in many real-world applications. But these real-world applications typically can only provide partial observations for making decisions due to occlusions and noisy sensors.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Yinbo Yu , Jiajia Liu , Shouqing Li , Kepu Huang , Xudong Feng

Recent years have seen an explosion of interest in autonomous cyber defence agents trained to defend computer networks using deep reinforcement learning. These agents are typically trained in cyber gym environments using dense, highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Elizabeth Bates , Chris Hicks , Vasilios Mavroudis

Backdoor attacks pose a significant threat to neural networks, enabling adversaries to manipulate model outputs on specific inputs, often with devastating consequences, especially in critical applications. While backdoor attacks have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Zhen Guo , Abhinav Kumar , Reza Tourani

Deep learning classifiers are known to be inherently vulnerable to manipulation by intentionally perturbed inputs, named adversarial examples. In this work, we establish that reinforcement learning techniques based on Deep Q-Networks (DQNs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-01-17 Vahid Behzadan , Arslan Munir

Reinforcement-learning agents seek to maximize a reward signal through environmental interactions. As humans, our job in the learning process is to design reward functions to express desired behavior and enable the agent to learn such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Zhiyuan Zhou , Shreyas Sundara Raman , Henry Sowerby , Michael L. Littman

To understand the security threats to reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms, this paper studies poisoning attacks to manipulate \emph{any} order-optimal learning algorithm towards a targeted policy in episodic RL and examines the potential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Anshuka Rangi , Haifeng Xu , Long Tran-Thanh , Massimo Franceschetti

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has shown its promising capabilities to learn optimal policies directly from trial and error. However, learning can be hindered if the goal of the learning, defined by the reward function, is "not optimal".…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-09 Yizheng Zhang , Andre Rosendo