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Within a transport model coupled with a microscopic coalescence model, the directed and elliptic flows of protons and deuterons as well as their scalling properties are studied in the centrality of 20-30% Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-03-21 Huan Du , Gao-Feng Wei , Gao-Chan Yong

Fluctuations of the baryon number in relativistic heavy-ion collisions are a promising observable to explore the structure of the QCD phase diagram. The cumulant ratios in heavy ion collisions at intermediate energies…

Particle number fluctuations and correlations in nucleus-nucleus collisions at SPS and RHIC energies are studied within the statistical hadron-resonance gas model in different statistical ensembles and in the Hadron-String-Dynamics (HSD)…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-11-09 V. P. Konchakovski , M. Hauer , M. I. Gorenstein , E. L. Bratkovskaya

An anomalous collision-energy dependence of proton number fluctuations is predicted as a consequence of the onset of deconfinement in heavy-ion collisions at the center of mass energy of the nucleon pair of about 10 GeV. The effect arises…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2026-03-18 Marek Gazdzicki , Mark Gorenstein , Anar Rustamov

We analyze the behavior of (net-)proton number cumulants in central collisions of heavy ions across a broad collision energy range by utilizing hydrodynamic simulations. The calculations incorporate essential non-critical contributions to…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2022-08-05 Volodymyr Vovchenko , Volker Koch , Chun Shen

High moments of conserved quantities such as net-baryon, net-electric charge, and net-strangeness in heavy-ion collisions are sensitive to fluctuations caused by the QCD critical point (CP). The event-by-event analysis of high moments of…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2025-11-06 Xin Zhang , Yu Zhang , Xiaofeng Luo , Nu Xu

We report a measurement of cumulants and correlation functions of event-by-event proton multiplicity distributions from fixed-target Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV measured by the STAR experiment. Protons are identified…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2023-02-24 STAR Collaboration , M. S. Abdallah , B. E. Aboona , J. Adam , L. Adamczyk , J. R. Adams , J. K. Adkins , I. Aggarwal , M. M. Aggarwal , Z. Ahammed , D. M. Anderson , E. C. Aschenauer , J. Atchison , V. Bairathi , W. Baker , J. G. Ball Cap , K. Barish , R. Bellwied , P. Bhagat , A. Bhasin , S. Bhatta , J. Bielcik , J. Bielcikova , J. D. Brandenburg , X. Z. Cai , H. Caines , M. Calderón~de~la~Barca~Sánchez , D. Cebra , I. Chakaberia , P. Chaloupka , B. K. Chan , Z. Chang , A. Chatterjee , D. Chen , J. Chen , J. H. Chen , X. Chen , Z. Chen , J. Cheng , Y. Cheng , S. Choudhury , W. Christie , X. Chu , H. J. Crawford , M. Csanád , M. Daugherity , I. M. Deppner , A. Dhamija , L. Di Carlo , L. Didenko , P. Dixit , X. Dong , J. L. Drachenberg , E. Duckworth , J. C. Dunlop , J. Engelage , G. Eppley , S. Esumi , O. Evdokimov , A. Ewigleben , O. Eyser , R. Fatemi , F. M. Fawzi , S. Fazio , C. J. Feng , Y. Feng , E. Finch , Y. Fisyak , A. Francisco , C. Fu , C. A. Gagliardi , T. Galatyuk , F. Geurts , N. Ghimire , A. Gibson , K. Gopal , X. Gou , D. Grosnick , A. Gupta , W. Guryn , A. Hamed , Y. Han , S. Harabasz , M. D. Harasty , J. W. Harris , H. Harrison , S. He , W. He , X. H. He , Y. He , S. Heppelmann , N. Herrmann , E. Hoffman , L. Holub , C. Hu , Q. Hu , Y. Hu , H. Huang , H. Z. Huang , S. L. Huang , T. Huang , X. Huang , Y. Huang , T. J. Humanic , D. Isenhower , M. Isshiki , W. W. Jacobs , C. Jena , A. Jentsch , Y. Ji , J. Jia , K. Jiang , C. Jin , X. Ju , E. G. Judd , S. Kabana , M. L. Kabir , S. Kagamaster , D. Kalinkin , K. Kang , D. Kapukchyan , K. Kauder , H. W. Ke , D. Keane , M. Kelsey , Y. V. Khyzhniak , D. P. Kikoła , B. Kimelman , D. Kincses , I. Kisel , A. Kiselev , A. G. Knospe , H. S. Ko , L. K. Kosarzewski , L. Kramarik , L. Kumar , S. Kumar , R. Kunnawalkam Elayavalli , J. H. Kwasizur , R. Lacey , S. Lan , J. M. Landgraf , J. Lauret , A. Lebedev , J. H. Lee , Y. H. Leung , N. Lewis , C. Li , C. Li , W. Li , W. Li , X. Li , Y. Li , Y. Li , Z. Li , X. Liang , Y. Liang , R. Licenik , T. Lin , Y. Lin , M. A. Lisa , F. Liu , H. Liu , H. Liu , T. Liu , X. Liu , Y. Liu , T. Ljubicic , W. J. Llope , R. S. Longacre , E. Loyd , T. Lu , N. S. Lukow , X. F. Luo , L. Ma , R. Ma , Y. G. Ma , N. Magdy , D. Mallick , S. Margetis , C. Markert , H. S. Matis , J. A. Mazer , G. McNamara , S. Mioduszewski , B. Mohanty , M. M. Mondal , I. Mooney , A. Mukherjee , M. I. Nagy , A. S. Nain , J. D. Nam , Md. Nasim , K. Nayak , D. Neff , J. M. Nelson , D. B. Nemes , M. Nie , T. Niida , R. Nishitani , T. Nonaka , A. S. Nunes , G. Odyniec , A. Ogawa , S. Oh , K. Okubo , B. S. Page , R. Pak , J. Pan , A. Pandav , A. K. Pandey , T. Pani , A. Paul , B. Pawlik , D. Pawlowska , C. Perkins , J. Pluta , B. R. Pokhrel , J. Porter , M. Posik , T. Protzman , V. Prozorova , N. K. Pruthi , M. Przybycien , J. Putschke , Z. Qin , H. Qiu , A. Quintero , C. Racz , S. K. Radhakrishnan , N. Raha , R. L. Ray , R. Reed , H. G. Ritter , M. Robotkova , J. L. Romero , D. Roy , P. Roy Chowdhury , L. Ruan , A. K. Sahoo , N. R. Sahoo , H. Sako , S. Salur , S. Sato , W. B. Schmidke , N. Schmitz , F-J. Seck , J. Seger , R. Seto , P. Seyboth , N. Shah , P. V. Shanmuganathan , M. Shao , T. Shao , R. Sharma , A. I. Sheikh , D. Y. Shen , K. Shen , S. S. Shi , Y. Shi , Q. Y. Shou , E. P. Sichtermann , R. Sikora , J. Singh , S. Singha , P. Sinha , M. J. Skoby , N. Smirnov , Y. Söhngen , W. Solyst , Y. Song , B. Srivastava , T. D. S. Stanislaus , M. Stefaniak , D. J. Stewart , B. Stringfellow , A. A. P. Suaide , M. Sumbera , C. Sun , X. M. Sun , X. Sun , Y. Sun , Y. Sun , B. Surrow , Z. W. Sweger , P. Szymanski , A. H. Tang , Z. Tang , T. Tarnowsky , J. H. Thomas , A. R. Timmins , D. Tlusty , T. Todoroki , C. A. Tomkiel , S. Trentalange , R. E. Tribble , P. Tribedy , S. K. Tripathy , T. Truhlar , B. A. Trzeciak , O. D. Tsai , C. Y. Tsang , Z. Tu , T. Ullrich , D. G. Underwood , I. Upsal , G. Van Buren , J. Vanek , I. Vassiliev , V. Verkest , F. Videbæk , S. A. Voloshin , F. Wang , G. Wang , J. S. Wang , P. Wang , X. Wang , Y. Wang , Y. Wang , Z. Wang , J. C. Webb , P. C. Weidenkaff , G. D. Westfall , D. Wielanek , H. Wieman , S. W. Wissink , R. Witt , J. Wu , J. Wu , X. Wu , Y. Wu , B. Xi , Z. G. Xiao , G. Xie , W. Xie , H. Xu , N. Xu , Q. H. Xu , Y. Xu , Z. Xu , Z. Xu , G. Yan , Z. Yan , C. Yang , Q. Yang , S. Yang , Y. Yang , Z. Ye , Z. Ye , L. Yi , K. Yip , Y. Yu , H. Zbroszczyk , W. Zha , C. Zhang , D. Zhang , J. Zhang , S. Zhang , S. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Z. J. Zhang , Z. Zhang , Z. Zhang , F. Zhao , J. Zhao , M. Zhao , C. Zhou , J. Zhou , Y. Zhou , X. Zhu , M. Zurek , M. Zyzak

We report high-statistics measurements of fifth- and sixth-order factorial cumulants and cumulant ratios of (net-)proton multiplicity distributions in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 7.7$--27 GeV, using data from the STAR experiment…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2025-12-23 The STAR Collaboration

Event by event fluctuations of particle multiplicities and their ratios are considered to be sensitive probes to the exotic phenomena in high energy heavy ion collisions like phase transtion or the occurence of critical point. These…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2014-08-22 S. Ahmad , M. Farooq , S. Bashir , H. jahan , N. Ahmad , S. Chattopadhyay

We compute net-proton probability distributions in heavy ion collisions within the hadron resonance gas model. The model results are compared with data taken by the STAR Collaboration in Au-Au collisions at sqrt(s_{NN})= 200 GeV for…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2013-05-29 P. Braun-Munzinger , B. Friman , F. Karsch , K. Redlich , V. Skokov

We studied the effects of centrality fluctuation and deuteron formation on the cumulants ($C_n$) and correlation functions ($\kappa_n$) of protons up to sixth order in most central ($b<3$ fm) Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 3…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2021-04-29 Arghya Chatterjee , Yu Zhang , Hui Liu , Ruiqin Wang , Shu He , Xiaofeng Luo

Event-by-event multiplicity fluctuations in nucleus-nucleus collisions are studied within the relativistic transport models: EPOS, PHSD, and UrQMD. As measures of particle number fluctuations we consider the scaled variances $\omega[X]$ for…

This work presents measurements of the rapidity-window dependence of event-by-event net-proton cumulants and proton factorial cumulants in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}=$7.7 -- 27 GeV, using high-statistics data from RHIC…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2025-12-19 Yige Huang

Event-by-event fluctuations of the baryon number, which is mostly carried by protons and neutrons, in relativistic heavy-ion collisions provide a sensitive probe for locating the conjectured critical point in the quantum chromodynamics…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-12-24 Yi-Heng Feng , Che Ming Ko , Xiaofeng Luo , Yu-Gang Ma , Kai-Jia Sun , Song Zhang

We calculate the first four moments of baryon number, electric charge and strangeness fluctuations within the hadron resonance gas model. Different moments and their ratios as well as skewness and kurtosis are evaluated on the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2011-06-27 Frithjof Karsch , Krzysztof Redlich

Studying fluctuations of conserved quantities, such as baryon number, strangeness, and charge, provides insights into the properties of matter created in high-energy nuclear collisions. Lattice QCD calculations suggest that higher moments…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2016-11-23 Jochen Thäder

It is shown that intermittency, a self-similar correlation with respect to the size of the phase space volume, is sensitive to critical density fluctuations of baryon numbers in a system belonging to the three-dimensional (3D) Ising…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2020-01-06 Jin Wu , Yufu Lin , Yuanfang Wu , Zhiming Li

A surprising excess of protons at intermediate $p_T$, 2-5GeV/c, has been observed in Au+Au collisions at RHIC, for which the source is not known. In p+p collisions, particles at this $p_T$ arise from jet fragmentation, however the observed…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2008-11-26 Anne Sickles

We perform a comprehensive Bayesian analyses of Au + Au collision data at 1.23 GeV/nucleon using an isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model that incorporates a momentum-dependent mean field and medium-modified…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2026-02-17 Shuochong Han , Ang Li

The matter created in Ag+Ag collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.55 GeV, as measured with the HADES experiment, can be characterized by similar thermodynamic quantities as Neutron Star Mergers, thus becoming an essential reference for the…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2024-01-24 Maria Stefaniak