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Recent advancements in deep learning have significantly enhanced the performance and efficiency of traffic classification in networking systems. However, the lack of transparency in their predictions and decision-making has made network…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Riya Ponraj , Ram Durairajan , Yu Wang

The network security analyzers use intrusion detection systems (IDSes) to distinguish malicious traffic from benign ones. The deep learning-based IDSes are proposed to auto-extract high-level features and eliminate the time-consuming and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Mahdi Soltani , Khashayar Khajavi , Mahdi Jafari Siavoshani , Amir Hossein Jahangir

Early detection of network intrusions and cyber threats is one of the main pillars of cybersecurity. One of the most effective approaches for this purpose is to analyze network traffic with the help of artificial intelligence algorithms,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Giacomo Zonneveld , Lorenzo Principi , Marco Baldi

In the last decades, researchers, practitioners and companies struggled in devising mechanisms to detect malicious activities originating security threats. Amongst the many solutions, network intrusion detection emerged as one of the most…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Tommaso Zoppi , Andrea Ceccarelli

Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) is one of the most widely used protocols on the Internet. As a consequence, most attacks (i.e., SQL injection, XSS) use HTTP as the transport mechanism. Therefore, it is crucial to develop an intelligent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-05 Mateusz Gniewkowski , Henryk Maciejewski , Tomasz R. Surmacz , Wiktor Walentynowicz

Pre-trained models operating directly on raw bytes have achieved promising performance in encrypted network traffic classification (NTC), but often suffer from shortcut learning-relying on spurious correlations that fail to generalize to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Chuyi Wang , Xiaohui Xie , Tongze Wang , Yong Cui

As malicious cyber threats become more sophisticated in breaching computer networks, the need for effective intrusion detection systems (IDSs) becomes crucial. Techniques such as Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) have been introduced to allow…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Kyle Stein , Arash Mahyari , Guillermo Francia , Eman El-Sheikh

Malicious websites are a major cyber attack vector, and effective detection of them is an important cyber defense task. The main defense paradigm in this regard is that the defender uses some kind of machine learning algorithms to train a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-08-12 Li Xu , Zhenxin Zhan , Shouhuai Xu , Keyin Ye

The increasing popularity of web-based applications has led to several critical services being provided over the Internet. This has made it imperative to monitor the network traffic so as to prevent malicious attackers from depleting the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2011-01-17 Jaydip Sen

The Invisible Internet Project (I2P) provides strong anonymity through garlic routing and distributed network architecture, making it attractive for legitimate privacy needs. Nevertheless, the same properties can be exploited by malicious…

In this survey, we first briefly review the current state of cyber attacks, highlighting significant recent changes in how and why such attacks are performed. We then investigate the mechanics of malware command and control (C2)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-06-23 Joseph Gardiner , Marco Cova , Shishir Nagaraja

Desktops and laptops can be maliciously exploited to violate privacy. In this paper, we consider the daily battle between the passive attacker who is targeting a specific user against a user that may be adversarial opponent. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Amit Dvir , Yehonatan Zion , Jonathan Muehlstein , Ofir Pele , Chen Hajaj , Ran Dubin

As the digital landscape becomes more interconnected, the frequency and severity of zero-day attacks, have significantly increased, leading to an urgent need for innovative Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). Machine Learning-based IDS that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Ippokratis Koukoulis , Ilias Syrigos , Thanasis Korakis

Intrusion detection systems (IDS) are used to monitor networks or systems for attack activity or policy violations. Such a system should be able to successfully identify anomalous deviations from normal traffic behavior. Here we discuss the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-17 M. Andrecut

End-to-end encryption is a powerful tool for protecting the privacy of Internet users. Together with the increasing use of technologies such as Tor, VPNs, and encrypted messaging, it is becoming increasingly difficult for network…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Tobias Pulls , Ethan Witwer

Building on previous work using reinforcement learning (RL) focused on identification of exfiltration paths, this work expands the methodology to include protocol and payload considerations. The former approach to exfiltration path…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Riddam Rishu , Akshay Kakkar , Cheng Wang , Abdul Rahman , Christopher Redino , Dhruv Nandakumar , Tyler Cody , Ryan Clark , Daniel Radke , Edward Bowen

Most of the intrusion detection methods in computer networks are based on traffic flow characteristics. However, this approach may not fully exploit the potential of deep learning algorithms to directly extract features and patterns from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Aleksander Ogonowski , Michał Żebrowski , Arkadiusz Ćwiek , Tobiasz Jarosiewicz , Konrad Klimaszewski , Adam Padee , Piotr Wasiuk , Michał Wójcik

Encrypted traffic classification requires discriminative and robust traffic representation captured from content-invisible and imbalanced traffic data for accurate classification, which is challenging but indispensable to achieve network…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Xinjie Lin , Gang Xiong , Gaopeng Gou , Zhen Li , Junzheng Shi , Jing Yu

The proliferation of zero-day threats (ZDTs) to companies' networks has been immensely costly and requires novel methods to scan traffic for malicious behavior at massive scale. The diverse nature of normal behavior along with the huge…

Traditional intrusion detection systems (IDSs) often rely on either network traffic or process data, but this single-source approach may miss complex attack patterns that span multiple layers within industrial control systems (ICSs) or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Vegard Berge , Chunlei Li