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Quantum backflow is a surprising phenomenon in which a quantum particle, moving in one dimension and with a state of rightwards momentum, can exhibit a net probability transfer to the left-hand half-line over a finite time interval. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-13 Christopher J. Fewster , Harkan J. Kirk-Karakaya

In its original formulation, quantum backflow (QB) is an interference effect that manifests itself as a negative probability transfer for free-particle states comprised of plane waves with only positive momenta. Quantum reentry (QR) is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-07 Arseni Goussev

Quantum backflow is a counterintuitive phenomenon in which the probability density of a quantum particle propagates opposite to its momentum. Experimental observation of backflow has remained elusive due to two main challenges: (i) the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Tomasz Paterek , Arseni Goussev

We present an introduction to the backflow effect in quantum mechanics -- the phenomenon in which a state consisting entirely of positive momenta may have negative current and the probability flows in the opposite direction to the momentum.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-12 J. M. Yearsley , J. J. Halliwell

Quantum backflow is usually understood as a quantum interference phenomenon where probability current of a quantum particle points in the opposite direction to particle's momentum. Here, we quantify the amount of quantum backflow for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-13 Marek Miller , Woo Chee Yuan , Rainer Dumke , Tomasz Paterek

We present an exhaustive class of states with quantum backflow -- the phenomenon in which a state consisting entirely of positive momenta may have negative current and the probability flows in the opposite direction to the momentum. They…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-08-13 J. J. Halliwell , E. Gillman , O. Lennon , M. Patel , I. Ramirez

Quantum backflow is the classically-forbidden effect pertaining to the fact that a particle with a positive momentum may exhibit a negative probability current at some space-time point. We investigate how this peculiar phenomenon extends to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-09 Maximilien Barbier

Quantum advantage, broadly understood as the ability of quantum systems to significantly outperform their classical counterparts, underpins current interest to quantum technologies and is a topic of active investigation. In many situations,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-08 Andrei Stepanenko , Kseniia Chernova , Maxim Gorlach

The probability density of a quantum particle moving freely within a circular ring can exhibit local flow patterns inconsistent with its angular momentum, a phenomenon known as quantum backflow. In this study, we examine a quantum particle…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-13 Arseni Goussev , Felix Quinque , Jaewoo Joo , Andrew Burbanks

Measurable quantities that have positive values in classical dynamical systems need not to be positive in quantum theory. For example, consider a free quantum mechanical particle in one dimension. There are quantum states in which the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-12 Daniela Cadamuro

We derive some rigorous results concerning the backflow operator introduced by Bracken and Melloy. We show that it is linear bounded, self adjoint, and not compact. Thus the question is underlined whether the backflow constant is an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-06-13 Markus Penz , Gebhard Grübl , Sabine Kreidl , Peter Wagner

We investigate the backflow effect in elementary quantum mechanics - the phenomenon in which a state consisting entirely of positive momenta may have negative current and the probability flows in the opposite direction to the momentum. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-04 J. M. Yearsley , J J. Halliwell , R. Hartshorn , A. Whitby

Quantum backflow refers to the counterintuitive fact that the probability can flow in the direction opposite to the momentum of a quantum particle. This phenomenon has been seen to be small and fragile for one-dimensional systems, in which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-04 Maximilien Barbier , Arseni Goussev , Shashi C. L. Srivastava

Quantum mechanics introduces the possibility for particles to move in a direction opposite to their momentum -- a counter-intuitive and classically impossible phenomenon known as quantum backflow. The magnitude of this effect is relatively…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-13 Maximilien Barbier , Arseni Goussev

In its standard formulation, quantum backflow is a classically impossible phenomenon in which a free quantum particle in a positive-momentum state exhibits a negative probability current. Recently, Miller et al. [Quantum 5, 379 (2021)] have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-08 Maximilien Barbier , Arseni Goussev

Backflow is the phenomenon that the probability current of a quantum particle on the line can flow in the direction opposite to its momentum. In this article, previous investigations of backflow, pertaining to interaction-free dynamics or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-24 Henning Bostelmann , Daniela Cadamuro , Gandalf Lechner

Quantum backflow is a counterintuitive effect in which the probability density of a free particle moves in the direction opposite to the particle's momentum. If the particle is electrically charged, then the effect can be viewed as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-05 Arseni Goussev , Jaewoo Joo

It is known that for a non-relativistic quantum particle traveling freely on the $x$-axis, the positional probability can flow in the opposite direction to the particle's velocity. The maximum possible amount of such backflow that can occur…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-30 A. J. Bracken , J. B. McGuire

Quantum particles move in strange ways, even when they propagate freely in space. As a result of the uncertainty principle, it is not possible to control the initial conditions of particle emission in such a way that the particle will…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-14 Holger F. Hofmann

We analyse the quantum backflow effect and extend it, as a limiting constraint to its spatial extent, for scattering situations in the presence of a purely transmitting discontinuous jump-defect. Analytical and numerical comparisons are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-07 Alexandre Hefren de Vasconcelos
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