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A number of classification problems need to deal with data imbalance between classes. Often it is desired to have a high recall on the minority class while maintaining a high precision on the majority class. In this paper, we review a…

Applications · Statistics 2016-08-23 Ajinkya More

In predictive tasks, real-world datasets often present different degrees of imbalanced (i.e., long-tailed or skewed) distributions. While the majority (the head) classes have sufficient samples, the minority (the tail) classes can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Chongsheng Zhang , Paolo Soda , Jingjun Bi , Gaojuan Fan , George Almpanidis , Salvador Garcia

In many classification settings, the class of primary interest is underrepresented, leading to imbalanced data problems that arise in applications such as rare disease detection and fraud identification. In these contexts, identifying a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-06 Daniel Fraiman , Ricardo Fraiman

One possible approach to tackle the class imbalance in classification tasks is to resample a training dataset, i.e., to drop some of its elements or to synthesize new ones. There exist several widely-used resampling methods. Recent research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-18 Smolyakov Dmitry , Alexander Korotin , Pavel Erofeev , Artem Papanov , Evgeny Burnaev

In many real-world binary classification tasks (e.g. detection of certain objects from images), an available dataset is imbalanced, i.e., it has much less representatives of a one class (a minor class), than of another. Generally, accurate…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-07-14 Evgeny Burnaev , Pavel Erofeev , Artem Papanov

In many application domains such as medicine, information retrieval, cybersecurity, social media, etc., datasets used for inducing classification models often have an unequal distribution of the instances of each class. This situation,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Mohamed S. Kraiem , Fernando Sánchez-Hernández , María N. Moreno-García

Learning from imbalanced data is a challenging task. Standard classification algorithms tend to perform poorly when trained on imbalanced data. Some special strategies need to be adopted, either by modifying the data distribution or by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-26 Asif Newaz , Shahriar Hassan , Farhan Shahriyar Haq

Imbalanced problems can arise in different real-world situations, and to address this, certain strategies in the form of resampling or balancing algorithms are proposed. This issue has largely been studied in the context of classification,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Juscimara G. Avelino , George D. C. Cavalcanti , Rafael M. O. Cruz

A common issue for classification in scientific research and industry is the existence of imbalanced classes. When sample sizes of different classes are imbalanced in training data, naively implementing a classification method often leads…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-02 Yang Feng , Min Zhou , Xin Tong

Recent research demonstrated that training large language models involves memorization of a significant fraction of training data. Such memorization can lead to privacy violations when training on sensitive user data and thus motivates the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Vitaly Feldman , Guy Kornowski , Xin Lyu

Training of deep neural networks heavily depends on the data distribution. In particular, the networks easily suffer from class imbalance. The trained networks would recognize the frequent classes better than the infrequent classes. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-12 Byungju Kim , Junmo Kim

This study is about inducing classifiers using data that is imbalanced, with a minority class being under-represented in relation to the majority classes. The first section of this research focuses on the main characteristics of data that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Shivaditya Shivganesh , Nitin Narayanan N , Pranav Murali , Ajaykumar M

Class imbalance poses a significant challenge in classification tasks, where traditional approaches often lead to biased models and unreliable predictions. Undersampling and oversampling techniques have been commonly employed to address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Matt Clifford , Jonathan Erskine , Alexander Hepburn , Raúl Santos-Rodríguez , Dario Garcia-Garcia

Institutions are increasingly relying on machine learning models to identify and alert on abnormal events, such as fraud, cyber attacks and system failures. These alerts often need to be manually investigated by specialists. Given the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Parisa Hassanzadeh , Danial Dervovic , Samuel Assefa , Prashant Reddy , Manuela Veloso

Data mining, machine learning, and natural language processing are powerful techniques that can be used together to extract information from large texts. Depending on the task or problem at hand, there are many different approaches that can…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-11-08 Ricardo Baeza-Yates , Zeinab Liaghat

Data rebalancing techniques, including oversampling and undersampling, are a common approach to addressing the challenges of imbalanced data. To tackle unresolved problems related to both oversampling and undersampling, we propose a new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Karen Medlin , Sven Leyffer , Krishnan Raghavan

A common assumption in machine learning is that samples are independently and identically distributed (i.i.d). However, the contributions of different samples are not identical in training. Some samples are difficult to learn and some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Ou Wu , Weiyao Zhu , Yingjun Deng , Haixiang Zhang , Qinghu Hou

In most real-world scenarios, labeled training datasets are highly class-imbalanced, where deep neural networks suffer from generalizing to a balanced testing criterion. In this paper, we explore a novel yet simple way to alleviate this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Jaehyung Kim , Jongheon Jeong , Jinwoo Shin

There are many real-world classification problems wherein the issue of data imbalance (the case when a data set contains substantially more samples for one/many classes than the rest) is unavoidable. While under-sampling the problematic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-01-09 John McKay , Isaac Gerg , Vishal Monga

Many real-world classification problems are significantly class-imbalanced to detriment of the class of interest. The standard set of proper evaluation metrics is well-known but the usual assumption is that the test dataset imbalance equals…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-16 Jan Brabec , Tomáš Komárek , Vojtěch Franc , Lukáš Machlica
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