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While the open architecture, open interfaces, and integration of intelligence within Open Radio Access Network technology hold the promise of transforming 5G and 6G networks, they also introduce cybersecurity vulnerabilities that hinder its…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Azuka Chiejina , Brian Kim , Kaushik Chowhdury , Vijay K. Shah

Cell-free multiple input multiple output (CF-MIMO) systems improve spectral and energy efficiencies using distributed access points (APs) to provide reliable service across an area equivalent to multiple conventional cells. This paper…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Yi Chu , Mostafa Rahmani , Josh Shackleton , David Grace , Kanapathippillai Cumanan , Hamed Ahmadi , Alister Burr

The disaggregated, distributed and virtualised implementation of radio access networks allows for dynamic resource allocation. These attributes can be realised by virtue of the Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) architecture. In this…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-17 Mohammed M. H. Qazzaz , Łukasz Kułacz , Adrian Kliks , Syed A. Zaidi , Marcin Dryjanski , Des McLernon

This tutorial seeks to outline the proposed Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) deployment for Fifth generation (5G) wireless networks. O-RAN seeks to supplant hardware-specific Radio Access Network (RAN) components (e.g., the mobility…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Paul H. Masur , Jeffrey H. Reed

Recently, the concept of open radio access network (O-RAN) has been proposed, which aims to adopt intelligence and openness in the next generation radio access networks (RAN). It provides standardized interfaces and the ability to host…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Han Zhang , Hao Zhou , Melike Erol-Kantarci

The AI-native vision of 6G requires Radio Access Networks to train, deploy, and continuously refine thousands of machine learning (ML) models that drive real-time radio network optimization. Although the Open RAN (O-RAN) architecture…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Mounir Bensalem , Fin Gentzen , Tuck-Wai Choong , Yu-Chiao Jhuang , Admela Jukan , Jenq-Shiou Leu

Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) enable the disaggregation of radio access functions and the deployment of control applications across different timescales. However, designing interoperable control schemes that jointly exploit long-term…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Anastasios Giannopoulos , Sotirios Spantideas , Maria Lamprini Bartsioka , Panagiotis Trakadas

The O-RAN ALLIANCE is defining architectures, interfaces, operations, and security requirements for cellular networks based on Open Radio Access Network (RAN) principles. In this context, O-RAN introduced the RAN Intelligent Controllers…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Pietro Brach del Prever , Salvatore D'Oro , Leonardo Bonati , Michele Polese , Maria Tsampazi , Heiko Lehmann , Tommaso Melodia

As Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) continue to expand, AI-driven applications (xApps) are increasingly being deployed enhance network management. However, developing xApps without formal verification risks introducing logical…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Roberto Metere , Kangfeng Ye , Yue Gu , Zhi Zhang , Dalal Alrajeh , Michele Sevegnani , Poonam Yadav

Open Radio Access Network (RAN) was introduced recently to incorporate intelligence and openness into the upcoming generation of RAN. Open RAN offers standardized interfaces and the capacity to accommodate network applications from external…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Abdul Wadud , Fatemeh Golpayegani , Nima Afraz

While the Open Radio Access Network Alliance (O-RAN) architecture enables third-party applications to optimize radio access networks at multiple timescales, real-time distributed applications (dApps) that demand low latency, high…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-19 João Paulo Esper , Yure Freitas , Pedro Souza , Bruno Silvestre , Joao F. Santos , Alexandre Huff , Cristiano Both , Kleber Cardoso

The Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) architecture enables a flexible, vendor-neutral deployment of 5G networks by disaggregating base station components and supporting third-party xApps for near real-time RAN control. However, the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Pragya Sharma , Shihua Sun , Shachi Deshpande , Angelos Stavrou , Haining Wang

[...] This paper presents AutoRAN, an automated, intent-driven framework for zero-touch provisioning of open, programmable cellular networks. Leveraging cloud-native principles, AutoRAN employs virtualization, declarative…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Stefano Maxenti , Ravis Shirkhani , Maxime Elkael , Leonardo Bonati , Salvatore D'Oro , Tommaso Melodia , Michele Polese

Innovation and standardization in 5G have brought advancements to every facet of the cellular architecture. This ranges from the introduction of new frequency bands and signaling technologies for the radio access network (RAN), to a core…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Michele Polese , Mischa Dohler , Falko Dressler , Melike Erol-Kantarci , Rittwik Jana , Raymond Knopp , Tommaso Melodia

Despite the growing interest in low-altitude economy (LAE) applications, including UAV-based logistics and emergency response, fundamental challenges remain in orchestrating such missions over complex, signal-constrained environments. These…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-05 Aly Sabri Abdalla , Vuk Marojevic

The emergence of the open radio access network (O-RAN) architecture offers a paradigm shift in cellular network management and service orchestration, leveraging data-driven, intent-based, autonomous, and intelligent solutions. Within O-RAN,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Mohammad Asif Habibi , Bin Han , Merve Saimler , Ignacio Labrador Pavon , Hans D. Schotten

Radio access network (RAN) technologies continue to evolve, with Open RAN gaining the most recent momentum. In the O-RAN specifications, the RAN intelligent controllers (RICs) are software-defined orchestration and automation functions for…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Peizheng Li , Jonathan Thomas , Xiaoyang Wang , Ahmed Khalil , Abdelrahim Ahmad , Rui Inacio , Shipra Kapoor , Arjun Parekh , Angela Doufexi , Arman Shojaeifard , Robert Piechocki

As wireless communication systems become more advanced, Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) stand out as a notable framework that promotes interoperability and cost-effectiveness. An examination of the progression of RAN architectures, as…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Mira Chandra Kirana , Patatchona Keyela , Fatemeh Rostamian , Deemah H. Tashman , Soumaya Cherkaoui

The Open Radio Access Network (Open RAN) paradigm, and its reference architecture proposed by the O-RAN Alliance, is paving the way toward open, interoperable, observable and truly intelligent cellular networks. Crucial to this evolution is…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Raoul Raftopoulos , Salvatore D'Oro , Tommaso Melodia , Giovanni Schembra

Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) is an emerging paradigm, whereby virtualized network infrastructure elements from different vendors communicate via open, standardized interfaces. A key element therein is the RAN Intelligent Controller…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Jorge Martín-Pérez , Nuria Molner , Francesco Malandrino , Carlos Jesús Bernardos , Antonio de la Oliva , David Gomez-Barquero