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The speed of light is usually taken as one of the fundamental constants. String, and field, theories appear to require the altercation of this constant into a functional form $E(m,c)$ which is not $E=mc^2$. The analysis requires the…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Gordon Chalmers

The equivalence of mass and energy is indelibly linked with relativity, both by scientists and in the popular mind. I prove that E = mc^2 by demanding momentum conservation of an object that emits two equal electromagnetic wave packets in…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Andrew Gould

I show that all inertial systems are not equivalent, and the Lorentz transformation is not the space-time transformation over two inertial systems moving with relative constant velocity. To do this, I consider imaginary signals travelling…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Kosaburo Hashiguchi

This paper generalizes the Stefan-Boltzmann law to include massive photons. A crucial ingredient to obtain the correct formula for the radiance is to realize that a massive photon does not travel at the speed of (massless) light. It follows…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-09 E. S. Moreira , T. G. Ribeiro

A general principle of non-equivalence for bodies and observers in different G potentials (GP) was derived from correspondence of the Einstein's equivalence principle either with optical physics or with gravitational experiments in which…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Rafael A. Vera

On the basis of Galilean invariance and the Doppler formula, combined with an observational condition, it is shown that the constancy of the velocity of light {\it in vacuo} can be derived, together with time-dilatation and Lorentz…

Classical Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Claudia Pombo , Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen

Special relativity asserts that physical phenomena appear the same for all inertially moving observers. This symmetry, called Lorentz symmetry, relates long wavelengths to short ones: if the symmetry is exact it implies that spacetime must…

Astrophysics · Physics 2011-07-19 T. Jacobson , S. Liberati , D. Mattingly

We find five fundamental reasons demanding that any gravitational mass m, and the speed of light c, vary with cosmological time such that mc remains constant. This is required by the universal condition of conservation of momentum in a…

General Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Antonio Alfonso-Faus

Recent tentative experimental indications, and the subsequent theoretical speculations, regarding possible violations of Lorentz invariance have attracted a vast amount of attention. An important technical issue that considerably…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2017-11-29 Valentina Baccetti , Kyle Tate , Matt Visser

Symmetry distills the simplicity of natural laws from the complexity of physical phenomena. The symmetry principle is of vital importance in various aspects of modern physics, including analyzing atomic spectra, determining fundamental…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2022-09-14 Congjun Wu

The fine structure constant $\alpha $ includes the speed of light as given by $\alpha =\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon_{0}c\hbar}$. It is shown here that, following a $TH\epsilon \mu $ formalism, interpreting the permittivity $\epsilon_{0}$ and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-08-25 Antonio Alfonso-Faus

The GMc-interpretation (Gravitation-Motion of mass-light with maximal speed c) is a consistent approach to quantum mechanics very closely related to classical physics. Several postulates are formulated that are satisfied in classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-02-26 Christian Jansson

We study the effect of large acceleration of an uniformly accelerated frame on the validity of weak equivalence principle. Specifically we demonstrate how the behaviour of free quantum particle, as observed by an observer with large uniform…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-08 Sukanta Bhattacharyya , Sunandan Gangopadhyay , Anirban Saha

The principle which allows to construct new physical theories on the basis of classical mechanics by reduction of the number of its axiom without engaging new postulates is formulated. The arising incompleteness of theory manifests itself…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 S. S. Stepanov

We posit a second massless photon, uncoupled to known forms of matter but undergoing Lorentz non-invariant velocity mixing with ordinary photons. Our speculation within a speculation suffers from the sin of implausibility but enjoys the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-30 Sheldon L. Glashow

We establish that de Broglie's wave, as it is introduced in his Thesis, is not a wave on a given space, but on the contrary itself determines a system in which Special Relativity is locally valid. This local system is a physical object,…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2025-07-10 Satyanad Kichenassamy

This paper presents a compelling argument for the physical light speed in the homogeneous and isotropic Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) universe to vary with the cosmic time coordinate t of FLRW. It will be variable when the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2013-07-23 Robert C. Fletcher

The Lorentz Transformations are derived without any linearity assumptions and without assuming that y and z coordinates transform in a Galilean manner. Status of the invariance of the speed of light is reduced from a foundation of the…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Rostislav Polishchuk

Special Relativity (SR) kinematics is derived from very intuitive assumptions. Contrary to standard Einstein's derivation, no light signal is used in the construction nor it is assumed to exist. Instead we postulate the existence of two…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Marek Pawlowski

In this contribution the question of the isotropy of the one-way speed of light from an experimental perspective is addressed. In particular, we analyze two experimental methods commonly used in its determination. The analysis is aimed at…

Classical Physics · Physics 2011-05-24 Israel Perez