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Real-world model deployment across multiple domains requires multimodal models to operate under two complementary regimes: (1) multi-task pretraining, tasks are co-available at design time where related tasks could borrow representational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xing Han , Shravan Chaudhari , Tanvi Ranade , Rama Chellappa , Suchi Saria

Large-scale pre-trained language models such as BERT have contributed significantly to the development of NLP. However, those models require large computational resources, making it difficult to be applied to mobile devices where computing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Weixin Wu , Hankz Hankui Zhuo

The impact of transformer networks is booming, yet, they come with significant computational complexity. It is therefore essential to understand how to optimally map and execute these networks on modern neural processor hardware. So far,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Steven Colleman , Arne Symons , Victor J. B. Jung , Marian Verhelst

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures enable efficient scaling of large language models through conditional computation, yet the routing mechanisms responsible for expert selection remain poorly understood. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Mynampati Sri Ranganadha Avinash

Large Language Models (LLMs) encounter significant challenges in continual learning due to catastrophic forgetting, where new information overwrites previously acquired knowledge. This limitation leads to substantial environmental and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Min Jae Jung , JooHee Kim

Self-attention based Transformer has demonstrated the state-of-the-art performances in a number of natural language processing tasks. Self-attention is able to model long-term dependencies, but it may suffer from the extraction of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Guangxiang Zhao , Junyang Lin , Zhiyuan Zhang , Xuancheng Ren , Qi Su , Xu Sun

Large Transformer models routinely achieve state-of-the-art results on a number of tasks but training these models can be prohibitively costly, especially on long sequences. We introduce two techniques to improve the efficiency of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Nikita Kitaev , Łukasz Kaiser , Anselm Levskaya

We propose an efficient and interpretable neural network with a novel activation function called the weighted Lehmer transform. This new activation function enables adaptive feature selection and extends to the complex domain, capturing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Masoud Ataei , Xiaogang Wang

The emergence of Mixture of Experts (MoE) LLMs has significantly advanced the development of language models. Compared to traditional LLMs, MoE LLMs outperform traditional LLMs by achieving higher performance with considerably fewer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Cheng Yang , Yang Sui , Jinqi Xiao , Lingyi Huang , Yu Gong , Yuanlin Duan , Wenqi Jia , Miao Yin , Yu Cheng , Bo Yuan

Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) are a promising approach to interpreting the internal representations of transformer language models. However, SAEs are usually trained separately on each transformer layer, making it difficult to use them to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Tim Lawson , Lucy Farnik , Conor Houghton , Laurence Aitchison

Sparsely Mixture of Experts (MoE) has received great interest due to its promising scaling capability with affordable computational overhead. MoE converts dense layers into sparse experts, and utilizes a gated routing network to make…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Yuan Xie , Shaohan Huang , Tianyu Chen , Furu Wei

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) is an emerging technique for scaling large models with sparse activation. MoE models are typically trained in a distributed manner with an expert parallelism scheme, where experts in each MoE layer are distributed…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Fahao Chen , Peng Li , Zicong Hong , Zhou Su , Song Guo

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has become a fundamental building block in state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs), improving domain-specific expertise in LLMs and scaling model capacity without proportionally increasing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Ankit Jyothish , Ali Jannesari , Aishwarya Sarkar , Joseph Zuber

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models can achieve promising results with outrageous large amount of parameters but constant computation cost, and thus it has become a trend in model scaling. Still it is a mystery how MoE layers bring quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-10 An Yang , Junyang Lin , Rui Men , Chang Zhou , Le Jiang , Xianyan Jia , Ang Wang , Jie Zhang , Jiamang Wang , Yong Li , Di Zhang , Wei Lin , Lin Qu , Jingren Zhou , Hongxia Yang

State-of-the-art results on neural machine translation often use attentional sequence-to-sequence models with some form of convolution or recursion. Vaswani et al. (2017) propose a new architecture that avoids recurrence and convolution…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-08 Karim Ahmed , Nitish Shirish Keskar , Richard Socher

Modern AI inference systems treat transformer execution as mandatory, conflating model capability with execution necessity. We reframe inference as a control-plane decision problem: determining when execution is necessary versus when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Ryan Shamim

Recurrent neural networks are effective models to process sequences. However, they are unable to learn long-term dependencies because of their inherent sequential nature. As a solution, Vaswani et al. introduced the Transformer, a model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Quentin Fournier , Gaétan Marceau Caron , Daniel Aloise

One defining characteristic of Mixture-of-Expert (MoE) models is their capacity for conducting sparse computation via expert routing, leading to remarkable scalability. However, backpropagation, the cornerstone of deep learning, requires…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Liyuan Liu , Jianfeng Gao , Weizhu Chen

Recent advancements in attention mechanisms have replaced recurrent neural networks and its variants for machine translation tasks. Transformer using attention mechanism solely achieved state-of-the-art results in sequence modeling. Neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Prakhar Thapak , Prodip Hore

Mixture-of-experts networks (MoEs) have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in modern deep learning. Despite their empirical success, the theoretical foundations underlying their ability to model complex tasks remain poorly understood. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Mingze Wang , Weinan E