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The past decade has seen huge advances in experimental measurements made in heavy ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and more recently at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These new data, in combination with…

The hot and dense QCD matter, known as the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), is explored through heavy-ion collision experiments at the LHC and RHIC. Jets and heavy flavors, produced from the initial hard scattering, are used as hard probes to…

Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions, predicts a transition of the usual matter to a new phase of matter, called Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), at sufficiently high temperatures. The non-perturbative technique of…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-05-13 Rajeev S. Bhalerao , Rajiv V. Gavai

The physics of heavy-ion collisions is one of the most exciting and challenging directions of science for the last four decades. On the theoretical side one deals with a non-abelian field theory, while on the experimental side today's…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-04-22 Marcus Bleicher , Elena Bratkovskaya

The hot and dense medium created at RHIC, called Quark and Gluon Plasma (QGP) has been a hot topic in the last ten years. Due to the high multiplicities in such heavy-ion collision events, particle correlations using either trigger…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2011-10-10 Hua Pei

Lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD), defined on a discrete space time lattice, leads to a spectacular non-perturbative prediction of a new state of matter, called quark-gluon plasma (QGP), at sufficiently high temperatures or equivalently…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-10-31 R. V. Gavai

Ultrarelativistic collisions between heavy nuclei briefly generate the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a new state of matter characterized by deconfined partons last seen microseconds after the Big Bang. The properties of the QGP are of intense…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2021-08-04 Francesco Becattini , Jinfeng Liao , Michael Lisa

After decades of painstaking research, the field of heavy ion physics has reached an exciting new era. Evidence is mounting that we can create a high temperature, high density, strongly interacting ``bulk matter'' state in the laboratory --…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2017-08-23 Mark D. Baker

At high temperatures or densities matter formed by strongly interacting elementary particles (hadronic matter) is expected to undergo a transition to a new form of matter - the quark gluon plasma - in which elementary particles (quarks and…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2009-11-11 Frithjof Karsch

A proper description of the non-equilibrium matter preceding the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in heavy-ion collisions and its observable consequences remain a major theoretical challenge, while at the same time offering new opportunities for…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-10-07 Kirill Boguslavski

Hot QCD physics studies the nuclear strong force under extreme temperature and densities. Experimentally these conditions are achieved via high-energy collisions of heavy ions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2023-03-31 M. Arslandok , S. A. Bass , A. A. Baty , I. Bautista , C. Beattie , F. Becattini , R. Bellwied , Y. Berdnikov , A. Berdnikov , J. Bielcik , J. T. Blair , F. Bock , B. Boimska , H. Bossi , H. Caines , Y. Chen , Y. -T. Chien , M. Chiu , M. E. Connors , M. Csanád , C. L. da Silva , A. P. Dash , G. David , K. Dehmelt , V. Dexheimer , X. Dong , A. Drees , L. Du , J. M. Durham , R. J. Ehlers , H. Elfner , O. Evdokimov , M. Finger , M. Finger , J. Frantz , A. D. Frawley , C. Gale , F. Geurts , V. Gonzalez , N. Grau , S. V. Greene , S. K. Grossberndt , T. Hachiya , X. He , U. Heinz , B. Hong , T. J. Humanic , D. Ivanishchev , B. V. Jacak , J. Jahan , S. Jeon , H. R. Jheng , J. Jia , E. G. Judd , J. I. Kapusta , I. Karpenko , V. Khachatryan , D. E. Kharzeev , M. Kim , B. Kimelman , J. L. Klay , S. R. Klein , A. G. Knospe , V. Koch , D Kotov , G. K. Krintiras , R. Kunnawalkam Elayavalli , C. M. Kuo , J. G. Lajoie , Y. -J. Lee , W. Li , J. Liao , I. Likmeta , S. H. Lim , M. X. Liu , C. Loizides , R. Longo , X. Luo , M. Luzum , R. Ma , A. Majumder , S. Mak , C. Markert , Y. Mehtar-Tani , A. C. Mignerey , N. Minafra , D. P. Morrison , B. Mueller , J. L. Nagle , A. Narde , C. E. Nattrass , T. Niida , J. Noronha , J. Noronha-Hostler , R. Nouicer , N. Novitzky , E. O'Brien , G. Odyniec , V. A. Okorokov , J. D. Osborn , J. -F. Paquet , S. Park , P. Parotto , D. V. Perepelitsa , P. Petreczky , C. Pinkenburg , M. Praszalowicz , C. Pruneau , J. Putschke , N. V. Ramasubramanian , R. Rapp , C. Ratti , K. F. Read , P. Rebello Teles , R. Reed , T. Rinn , G. Roland , M. Rosati , C. Royon , L. Ruan , T. Sakaguchi , S. Salur , M. Sarsour , A. S. Menon , B. Schenke , N. V. Schmidt , A. Schmier , T. Schäfer , J. Seger , R. Seto , Oveis Sheibani , C. Shen , Z. Shi , E. Shulga , A. M. Sickles , M. Singh , B. K. Singh , N. Smirnov , K. L. Smith , H. Song , I. Soudi , A. G. Stahl Leiton , P. Steinberg , M. Stephanov , M. Strickland , M. Sumbera , D. Sunar Cerci , Y. Tachibana , A. H. Tang , D. Tapia Takaki , D. Teaney , D. Thomas , A. R. Timmins , P. Tribedy , Z. Tu , S. Tuo , O. V. Rueda , J. Velkovska , R. Venugopalan , F. Videbæk , S. A. Voloshin , V. Vovchenko , G. Vujanovic , X. Wang , F. Wang , X. -N. Wang , S. Weyhmiller , W. Xie , N. Xu , Y. Yang , X. Yao , Z. Ye , H. -U. Yee , W. A. Zajc

In the last 20 years, heavy-ion collisions have been a unique way to study the hadronic matter in the laboratory. Its phase diagram remains unknown, although many experimental and theoretical studies have been undertaken in the last…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2013-04-05 Gines Martinez

I retrace the developments from Hagedorn's concept of a limiting temperature for hadronic matter to the discovery and characterization of the quark-gluon plasma as a new state of matter. My recollections begin with the transformation more…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2016-01-20 Berndt Müller

At high temperatures and densities the nuclear matter undergoes a phase transition to a new state of matter called quark gluon plasma (QGP). This new state of matter which existed in the universe after a few microsecond of the big bang can…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2012-03-15 Jan-e Alam

Ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions at the laboratory provide a unique chance to study quantum chromodynamics (QCD) under extreme temperature (${\approx}150\,\mathrm{MeV}$) and density (${\approx}1\,\mathrm{GeV}/\mathrm{fm}^3$)…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2020-10-30 Georgios Konstantinos Krintiras

Lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) predicts a new state of matter, called quark-gluon plasma (QGP), at sufficiently high temperatures or equivalently large energy densities. Relativistic heavy ion collisions are expected to produce such…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2007-05-23 R. V. Gavai

The major aim of nucleus-nucleus collisions at the LHC is to study the physics of strongly interacting matter and the quark gluon plasma (QGP), formed in extreme conditions of temperature and energy density. We give a brief overview of the…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2015-05-13 Tapan Nayak , Bikash Sinha

The quark gluon plasma (QGP) is one of the most interesting forms of matter providing us with insight on quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and the early universe. It is believed that the heavy-ion collision experiments at the Relativistic Heavy…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2022-08-01 Wenkai Fan

Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), a QCD state of matter created in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, has remarkable properties, including, for example, a low shear viscosity over entropy ratio. By detecting the collection of low-momentum…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2022-09-20 Liliana Apolinário , Yen-Jie Lee , Michael Winn
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