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Reinforcement learning (RL) has shown considerable potential in autonomous driving (AD), yet its vulnerability to perturbations remains a critical barrier to real-world deployment. As a primary countermeasure, adversarial training improves…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Qi Wei , Junchao Fan , Zhao Yang , Jianhua Wang , Jingkai Mao , Xiaolin Chang

Evaluating and improving planning for autonomous vehicles requires scalable generation of long-tail traffic scenarios. To be useful, these scenarios must be realistic and challenging, but not impossible to drive through safely. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Davis Rempe , Jonah Philion , Leonidas J. Guibas , Sanja Fidler , Or Litany

Autonomous vehicles need to handle various traffic conditions and make safe and efficient decisions and maneuvers. However, on the one hand, a single optimization/sampling-based motion planner cannot efficiently generate safe trajectories…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Jinning Li , Liting Sun , Jianyu Chen , Masayoshi Tomizuka , Wei Zhan

In this work, we present a reward-driven automated curriculum reinforcement learning approach for interaction-aware self-driving at unsignalized intersections, taking into account the uncertainties associated with surrounding vehicles…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Zengqi Peng , Xiao Zhou , Lei Zheng , Yubin Wang , Jun Ma

In recent years, autonomous driving systems have made significant progress, yet ensuring their safety remains a key challenge. To this end, scenario-based testing offers a practical solution, and simulation-based methods have gained…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Jiahui Wu , Chengjie Lu , Aitor Arrieta , Shaukat Ali

Scenario-based testing has emerged as a common method for autonomous vehicles (AVs) safety assessment, offering a more efficient alternative to mile-based testing by focusing on high-risk scenarios. However, fundamental questions persist…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Xingyu Zhao , Robab Aghazadeh-Chakherlou , Chih-Hong Cheng , Peter Popov , Lorenzo Strigini

Ineffective and inflexible traffic signal control at urban intersections can often lead to bottlenecks in traffic flows and cause congestion, delay, and environmental problems. How to manage traffic smartly by intelligent signal control is…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-05-21 Mengyu Guo , Pin Wang , Ching-Yao Chan , Sid Askary

Navigating unsignalized intersections in urban environments poses a complex challenge for self-driving vehicles, where issues such as view obstructions, unpredictable pedestrian crossings, and diverse traffic participants demand a great…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Pierre Haritz , David Wanke , Thomas Liebig

Evaluating autonomous vehicle stacks (AVs) in simulation typically involves replaying driving logs from real-world recorded traffic. However, agents replayed from offline data are not reactive and hard to intuitively control. Existing…

As a key component to intuitive cognition and reasoning solutions in human intelligence, causal knowledge provides great potential for reinforcement learning (RL) agents' interpretability towards decision-making by helping reduce the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Ruichu Cai , Siyang Huang , Jie Qiao , Wei Chen , Yan Zeng , Keli Zhang , Fuchun Sun , Yang Yu , Zhifeng Hao

Verification and validation are major challenges for developing automated driving systems. A concept that gets more and more recognized for testing in automated driving is scenario-based testing. However, it introduces the problem of what…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Barbara Schütt , Marc Heinrich , Sonja Marahrens , J. Marius Zöllner , Eric Sax

Reinforcement learning is considered as a promising direction for driving policy learning. However, training autonomous driving vehicle with reinforcement learning in real environment involves non-affordable trial-and-error. It is more…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-09-27 Xinlei Pan , Yurong You , Ziyan Wang , Cewu Lu

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been successfully applied to a variety of robotics applications, where it outperforms classical methods. However, the safety aspect of RL and the transfer to the real world remain an open challenge. A…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Murad Dawood , Ahmed Shokry , Maren Bennewitz

Conventional trajectory planning approaches for autonomous racing are based on the sequential execution of prediction of the opposing vehicles and subsequent trajectory planning for the ego vehicle. If the opposing vehicles do not react to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Levent Ögretmen , Mo Chen , Phillip Pitschi , Boris Lohmann

Urban autonomous driving decision making is challenging due to complex road geometry and multi-agent interactions. Current decision making methods are mostly manually designing the driving policy, which might result in sub-optimal solutions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Jianyu Chen , Bodi Yuan , Masayoshi Tomizuka

We examine the problem of adversarial reinforcement learning for multi-agent domains including a rule-based agent. Rule-based algorithms are required in safety-critical applications for them to work properly in a wide range of situations.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Akifumi Wachi

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a popular approach for robotic path planning in uncertain environments. However, the control policies trained for an RL agent crucially depend on user-defined, state-based reward functions. Poorly designed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Anand Balakrishnan , Stefan Jakšić , Edgar A. Aguilar , Dejan Ničković , Jyotirmoy V. Deshmukh

Scenario-based testing of automated driving functions has become a promising method to reduce time and cost compared to real-world testing. In scenario-based testing automated functions are evaluated in a set of pre-defined scenarios. These…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Christoph Glasmacher , Michael Schuldes , Sleiman El Masri , Lutz Eckstein

How can we reliably simulate future driving scenarios under a wide range of ego driving behaviors? Recent driving world models, developed exclusively on real-world driving data composed mainly of safe expert trajectories, struggle to follow…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Jiazhi Yang , Kashyap Chitta , Shenyuan Gao , Long Chen , Yuqian Shao , Xiaosong Jia , Hongyang Li , Andreas Geiger , Xiangyu Yue , Li Chen

In safety-critical applications, autonomous agents may need to learn in an environment where mistakes can be very costly. In such settings, the agent needs to behave safely not only after but also while learning. To achieve this, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-22 Matteo Turchetta , Andrey Kolobov , Shital Shah , Andreas Krause , Alekh Agarwal