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Autonomous vehicles inevitably encounter a vast array of scenarios in real-world environments. Addressing long-tail scenarios, particularly those involving intensive interactions with numerous traffic participants, remains one of the most…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Guanzhou Li , Jianping Wu , Yujing He

The validation of autonomous driving systems benefits greatly from the ability to generate scenarios that are both realistic and precisely controllable. Conventional approaches, such as real-world test drives, are not only expensive but…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Yizhuo Xiao , Mustafa Suphi Erden , Cheng Wang

Existing neural network-based autonomous systems are shown to be vulnerable against adversarial attacks, therefore sophisticated evaluation on their robustness is of great importance. However, evaluating the robustness only under the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Wenhao Ding , Baiming Chen , Bo Li , Kim Ji Eun , Ding Zhao

Interaction between the background vehicles (BVs) and automated vehicles (AVs) in scenario-based testing plays a critical role in evaluating the intelligence of the AVs. Current testing scenarios typically employ predefined or scripted BVs,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-13 Yining Ma , Wei Jiang , Lingtong Zhang , Junyi Chen , Hong Wang , Chen Lv , Xuesong Wang , Lu Xiong

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have demonstrated significant potential in revolutionizing transportation, yet ensuring their safety and reliability remains a critical challenge, especially when exposed to dynamic and unpredictable environments.…

Applications of reinforcement learning (RL) are popular in autonomous driving tasks. That being said, tuning the performance of an RL agent and guaranteeing the generalization performance across variety of different driving scenarios is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Anil Ozturk , Mustafa Burak Gunel , Resul Dagdanov , Mirac Ekim Vural , Ferhat Yurdakul , Melih Dal , Nazim Kemal Ure

Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms show amazing performance in recent years, but placing RL in real-world applications such as self-driven vehicles may suffer safety problems. A self-driven vehicle moving to a target position following…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-05 Huanhui Cao , Zhiyuan Cai , Hairuo Wei , Wenjie Lu , Lin Zhang , Hao Xiong

Autonomous driving systems have witnessed a significant development during the past years thanks to the advance in machine learning-enabled sensing and decision-making algorithms. One critical challenge for their massive deployment in the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Wenhao Ding , Chejian Xu , Mansur Arief , Haohong Lin , Bo Li , Ding Zhao

Autonomous driving faces challenges in navigating complex real-world traffic, requiring safe handling of both common and critical scenarios. Reinforcement learning (RL), a prominent method in end-to-end driving, enables agents to learn…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Ahmed Abouelazm , Johannes Ratz , Philip Schörner , J. Marius Zöllner

An emerging field of sequential decision problems is safe Reinforcement Learning (RL), where the objective is to maximize the reward while obeying safety constraints. Being able to handle constraints is essential for deploying RL agents in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Nick Bührer , Zhejun Zhang , Alexander Liniger , Fisher Yu , Luc Van Gool

The widescale deployment of Autonomous Vehicles (AV) seems to be imminent despite many safety challenges that are yet to be resolved. It is well known that there are no universally agreed Verification and Validation (VV) methodologies to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-03-05 Dhanoop Karunakaran , Stewart Worrall , Eduardo Nebot

Designing reliable decision strategies for autonomous urban driving is challenging. Reinforcement learning (RL) has been used to automatically derive suitable behavior in uncertain environments, but it does not provide any guarantee on the…

The widescale deployment of Autonomous Vehicles (AV) appears to be imminent despite many safety challenges that are yet to be resolved. It is well-known that there are no universally agreed Verification and Validation (VV) methodologies…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Dhanoop Karunakaran , Stewart Worrall , Eduardo Nebot

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising solution for autonomous vehicles to deal with complex and uncertain traffic environments. The RL training process is however expensive, unsafe, and time consuming. Algorithms are often developed…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Kevin Voogd , Jean Pierre Allamaa , Javier Alonso-Mora , Tong Duy Son

In order to find the most likely failure scenarios which may occur under certain given operation domain, critical-scenario-based test is supposed as an effective and widely used method, which gives suggestions for designers to improve the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Yizhou Xie , Kunpeng Dai , Yong Zhang

Verification and validation of autonomous driving (AD) systems and components is of increasing importance, as such technology increases in real-world prevalence. Safety-critical scenario generation is a key approach to robustify AD policies…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Benjamin Stoler , Ingrid Navarro , Jonathan Francis , Jean Oh

In this paper, we develop a safe decision-making method for self-driving cars in a multi-lane, single-agent setting. The proposed approach utilizes deep reinforcement learning (RL) to achieve a high-level policy for safe tactical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-17 Arash Mohammadhasani , Hamed Mehrivash , Alan Lynch , Zhan Shu

Autonomous driving faces critical challenges in rare long-tail events and complex multi-agent interactions, which are scarce in real-world data yet essential for robust safety validation. This paper presents a high-fidelity scenario…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Yuhang Wang , Heye Huang , Zhenhua Xu , Kailai Sun , Baoshen Guo , Jinhua Zhao

Autonomous Vehicles (AV)'s wide-scale deployment appears imminent despite many safety challenges yet to be resolved. The modern autonomous vehicles will undoubtedly include machine learning and probabilistic techniques that add significant…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Dhanoop Karunakaran , Julie Stephany Berrio , Stewart Worrall , Eduardo Nebot

Testing is essential for verifying and validating control designs, especially in safety-critical applications. In particular, the control system governing an automated driving vehicle must be proven reliable enough for its acceptance on the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-11 Mengjia Zhu , Alberto Bemporad , Maximilian Kneissl , Hasan Esen