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Zero forcing is an iterative graph coloring process studied for its wide array of applications. In this process, the vertices of the graph are initially designated as blue or white, and a zero forcing set is a set of initially blue vertices…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-23 Asher Brown , Mark Hunnell , Za'Kiyah Toomer-Sanders , Sarah Weber

The \emph{zero forcing number} $Z(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the minimum cardinality of a set $S$ of black vertices (whereas vertices in $V(G)\setminusS$ are colored white) such that $V(G)$ is turned black after finitely many applications of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-08-20 Cong X. Kang , Eunjeong Yi

Let $G$ be a simple and finite graph without isolated vertices. In this paper we study forcing sets (zero forcing sets) which induce a subgraph of $G$ without isolated vertices. Such a set is called a total forcing set, introduced and first…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-02-28 Randy Davila , Michael A. Henning

Zero forcing is a dynamic graph coloring process whereby a colored vertex with a single uncolored neighbor forces that neighbor to be colored. This forcing process has been used to approximate certain linear algebraic parameters, as well as…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-04-05 Boris Brimkov , Randy Davila

The positive zero forcing number of a graph is a graph parameter that arises from a non-traditional type of graph colouring, and is related to a more conventional version of zero forcing. We establish a relation between the zero forcing and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-07-28 Shaun Fallat , Karen Meagher , Boting Yang

A dynamic coloring of the vertices of a graph $G$ starts with an initial subset $S$ of colored vertices, with all remaining vertices being non-colored. At each discrete time interval, a colored vertex with exactly one non-colored neighbor…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-01-17 Randy Davila , Michael Henning

Zero forcing is an iterative graph coloring process whereby a colored vertex with a single uncolored neighbor forces that neighbor to be colored. It is NP-hard to find a minimum zero forcing set - a smallest set of initially colored…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-07-05 Boris Brimkov

A forcing set for a perfect matching of a graph is defined as a subset of the edges of that perfect matching such that there exists a unique perfect matching containing it. A complete forcing set for a graph is a subset of its edges, such…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-09-27 Javad B. Ebrahimi , Aref Nemayande , Elahe Tohidi

Zero forcing is an iterative graph coloring process, where given a set of initially colored vertices, a colored vertex with a single uncolored neighbor causes that neighbor to become colored. A zero forcing set is a set of initially colored…

Given a graph $G$, the zero-forcing number of $G$, $Z(G)$, is the smallest cardinality of any set $S$ of vertices on which repeated applications of the forcing rule results in all vertices being in $S$. The forcing rule is: if a vertex $v$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-10-19 Luis Gomez , Karla Rubi , Jorden Terrazas , Darren A. Narayan

Let $S$ be a set of vertices of a graph $G$. Let $cl(S)$ be the set of vertices built from $S$, by iteratively applying the following propagation rule: if a vertex and all but exactly one of its neighbors are in $cl(S)$, then the remaining…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-08-09 Najibeh Shahbaznejad , Ignacio M. Pelayo , Adel P. Kazemi

We consider the quantity $P(G)$ associated with a graph $G$ that is defined as the probability that a randomly chosen subtree of $G$ is spanning. Motivated by conjectures due to Chin, Gordon, MacPhee and Vincent on the behaviour of this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-10-17 Stephan Wagner

Zero forcing is a deterministic iterative graph coloring process in which vertices are colored either blue or white, and in every round, any blue vertices that have a single white neighbor force these white vertices to become blue. Here we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-09-17 Sean English , Calum MacRury , Pawel Pralat

In this paper, controllability of systems defined on graphs is discussed. We consider the problem of controllability of the network for a family of matrices carrying the structure of an underlying directed graph. A one-to-one correspondence…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2014-03-20 Nima Monshizadeh , Shuo Zhang , Kanat Camlibel

Let $G$ be a graph that admits a perfect matching. A {\sf forcing set} for a perfect matching $M$ of $G$ is a subset $S$ of $M$, such that $S$ is contained in no other perfect matching of $G$. This notion originally arose in chemistry in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-03-17 Peyman Afshani , Hamed Hatami , Ebadollah S. Mahmoodian

The \emph{zero forcing number}, $Z(G)$, of a graph $G$ is the minimum cardinality of a set $S$ of black vertices (whereas vertices in $V(G) \setminus S$ are colored white) such that $V(G)$ is turned black after finitely many applications of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-02-19 Linda Eroh , Cong X. Kang , Eunjeong Yi

A dynamic coloring of the vertices of a graph $G$ starts with an initial subset $F$ of colored vertices, with all remaining vertices being non-colored. At each time step, a colored vertex with exactly one non-colored neighbor forces this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-03-21 Meysam Alishahi , Elahe Rezaei-Sani , Elahe Sharifi

The zero forcing number Z(G), which is the minimum number of vertices in a zero forcing set of a graph G, is used to study the maximum nullity / minimum rank of the family of symmetric matrices described by G. It is shown that for a…

The zero forcing number is a graph invariant introduced to study the minimum rank of the graph. In 2008, Aazami proved the NP-hardness of computing the zero forcing number of a simple undirected graph. We complete this NP-hardness result by…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-06-09 Maguy Trefois , Jean-Charles Delvenne

We study the random graph G_{n,\lambda/n} conditioned on the event that all vertex degrees lie in some given subset S of the non-negative integers. Subject to a certain hypothesis on S, the empirical distribution of the vertex degrees is…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-12-04 Geoffrey Grimmett , Svante Janson