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Passive implementations of quantum key distribution (QKD) sources are highly desirable as they eliminate side-channels that active modulators might introduce. Up till now, passive decoy-state and passive encoding BB84 schemes have both been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-14 Wenyuan Wang , Rong Wang , Victor Zapatero , Li Qian , Bing Qi , Marcos Curty , Hoi-Kwong Lo

The passive approach to quantum key distribution (QKD) consists of eliminating all optical modulators and random number generators from QKD systems, in so reaching an enhanced simplicity, immunity to modulator side channels, and potentially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-01 Víctor Zapatero , Marcos Curty

Signal state preparation in quantum key distribution schemes can be realized using either an active or a passive source. Passive sources might be valuable in some scenarios; for instance, in those experimental setups operating at high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-22 Marcos Curty , Marc Jofre , Valerio Pruneri , Morgan W. Mitchell

In prepare-and-measure quantum key distribution systems, careful preparation of quantum states within the transmitter device is a significant driver of both complexity and cost. Moreover, the security guarantees of such systems rest on the…

The fully passive source is capable of passively generating decoy states and performing passive encoding simultaneously, avoiding the side-channel risks caused by active modulation operations at the source end, thus effectively enhance the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-19 Jia-Wei Ying , Qi Zhang , Shi-Pu Gu , Xing-Fu Wang , Lan Zhou , Yu-Bo Sheng

In the Gaussian-modulated coherent state quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol, the sender first generates Gaussian distributed random numbers and then encodes them on weak laser pulses actively by performing amplitude and phase…

We propose a fully passive twin-field quantum key distribution (QKD) setup where basis choice, decoy-state preparation and encoding are all implemented entirely by post-processing without any active modulation. Our protocol can remove the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-25 Wenyuan Wang , Rong Wang , H. F. Chau , Hoi-Kwong Lo

The passive approach to quantum key distribution (QKD) consists of removing all active modulation from the users' devices, a highly desirable countermeasure to get rid of modulator side-channels. Nevertheless, active modulation has not been…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows secret key exchange between two users with unconditional security. For QKD to be widely deployed, low cost and compactness are crucial requirements alongside high performance. Currently, the majority of…

A positive economic effect from the implementation of quantum key distribution (QKD) technology can be achieved only with significant scaling, which involves the deployment of branched metropolitan area networks. The creation of QKD systems…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-02 Roman Shakhovoy , Evgeniy Dedkov , Igor Kudryashov

The measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) possesses the highest security among all practical quantum key distribution protocols. However, existing multi-intensity decoy-state methods may cause loopholes when…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-22 Chun-Hui Zhang , Chun-Mei Zhang , Qin Wang

The decoy-state method is widely used in practical quantum key distribution systems to replace ideal single photon sources with realistic light sources by varying intensities. Instead of active modulation, the passive decoy-state method…

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) can resist all attacks on the detection devices, but there are still some security issues related to the source side. One possible solution is to use the passive protocol to…

The decoy state protocol has been considered to be one of the most important methods to protect the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) with a weak coherent source. Here we test two experimental approaches to generating the decoy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-18 Anqi Huang , Shi-Hai Sun , Zhihong Liu , Vadim Makarov

Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers information-theoretic security based on the fundamental laws of physics. However, device imperfections, such as those in active modulators, may introduce side-channel leakage, thus compromising…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-10 Chengqiu Hu , Wenyuan Wang , Kai-Sum Chan , Zhenghan Yuan , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Twin-Field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) and its variants, e.g. Phase-Matching QKD, Sending-or-not-sending QKD, and No Phase Post-Selection TFQKD promise high key rates at long distance to beat the rate distance limit without a…

The decoy-state Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol is widely regarded as the de facto standard for practical implementations. On the receiver side, passive basis choice is attractive because it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-27 Akihiro Mizutani , Shun Kawakami , Go Kato

Decoy state method could effectively enhance the performance of quantum key distribution (QKD) with practical phase randomized weak coherent source. Although active modulation of the source intensity is effective and has been implemented in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-30 Shi-Hai Sun , Guang-Zhao Tang , Chun-Yan Li , Lin-Mei Liang

Quantum key distribution (QKD) theoretically offers information-theoretic security. The prevailing approach is the prepare-and-measure BB84 protocol, which implements QKD using conventional laser rather than single-photon source via the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-20 Rong-Zheng Liu , Hua-Lei Yin

To implement the BB84 decoy-state quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol over a lossy ground-satellite quantum uplink requires a source that has high repetition rate of short laser pulses, long term stability, and no phase correlations…

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