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Within the area of multi-agent systems, normative systems are a widely used framework for the coordination of interdependent activities. A crucial problem associated with normative systems is that of synthesising norms that effectively…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2017-10-16 Javier Morales , Michael Wooldridge , Juan A. Rodríguez-Aguilar , Maite López-Sánchez

Simulated environments are increasingly used by trading firms and investment banks to evaluate trading strategies before approaching real markets. Backtesting, a widely used approach, consists of simulating experimental strategies while…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Andrea Coletta , Matteo Prata , Michele Conti , Emanuele Mercanti , Novella Bartolini , Aymeric Moulin , Svitlana Vyetrenko , Tucker Balch

LLM-powered agents are both a promising new technology and a source of complexity, where choices about models, tools, and prompting can affect their usefulness. While numerous benchmarks measure agent accuracy across domains, they mostly…

Simulation-based testing has become a crucial complement to road testing for ensuring the safety of cyber physical systems (CPS). As a result, significant research efforts have been directed toward identifying failure scenarios within…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Edward Kim , Devan Shanker , Varun Bharadwaj , Hongbeen Park , Jinkyu Kim , Hazem Torfah , Daniel J Fremont , Sanjit A Seshia

We introduce REAL, a benchmark and framework for multi-turn agent evaluations on deterministic simulations of real-world websites. REAL comprises high-fidelity, deterministic replicas of 11 widely-used websites across domains such as…

Formal methods apply algorithms based on mathematical principles to enhance the reliability of systems. It would only be natural to try to progress from verification, model checking or testing a system against its formal specification into…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-02-28 Gal Katz , Doron Peled

Designing tests to evaluate if a given autonomous system satisfies complex specifications is challenging due to the complexity of these systems. This work proposes a flow-based approach for reactive test synthesis from temporal logic…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Josefine B. Graebener , Apurva S. Badithela , Denizalp Goktas , Wyatt Ubellacker , Eric V. Mazumdar , Aaron D. Ames , Richard M. Murray

Autonomous software agents operating in dynamic environments need to constantly reason about actions in pursuit of their goals, while taking into consideration norms which might be imposed on those actions. Normative practical reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-01-31 Zohreh Shams , Marina De Vos , Julian Padget , Wamberto W. Vasconcelos

Accurately evaluating model performance is crucial for deploying machine learning systems in real-world applications. Traditional methods often require a sufficiently large labeled test set to ensure a reliable evaluation. However, in many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Hai Hoang Thanh , Duy-Tung Nguyen , Hung The Tran , Khoat Than

Background: High-level system testing of applications that use data from e-Government services as input requires test data that is real-life-like but where the privacy of personal information is guaranteed. Applications with such strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Maj-Annika Tammisto , Faiz Ali Shah , Daniel Rodriguez , Dietmar Pfahl

Recommender systems play a central role in numerous real-life applications, yet evaluating their performance remains a significant challenge due to the gap between offline metrics and online behaviors. Given the scarcity and limits (e.g.,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Nicolas Bougie , Narimasa Watanabe

The growing deployment of decision-making agents in dynamic environments increases the demand for safety verification. While critical testing scenario generation has emerged as an appealing verification methodology, effectively balancing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Qitong Chu , Yufeng Yue , Danya Yao , Huaxin Pei

The importance of mobile application (app) quality insurance is increasing with the rapid development of the mobile Internet. Automated test generation approaches, as a dominant direction of app quality insurance, follow specific models or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Shengcheng Yu , Chunrong Fang , Mingzhe Du , Zimin Ding , Zhenyu Chen , Zhendong Su

Research and development on conversational recommender systems (CRSs) critically depends on sound and reliable evaluation methodologies. However, the interactive nature of these systems poses significant challenges for automatic evaluation.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Nolwenn Bernard , Krisztian Balog

Many security and software testing applications require checking whether certain properties of a program hold for any possible usage scenario. For instance, a tool for identifying software vulnerabilities may need to rule out the existence…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-05-03 Roberto Baldoni , Emilio Coppa , Daniele Cono D'Elia , Camil Demetrescu , Irene Finocchi

We examine the problem of adversarial reinforcement learning for multi-agent domains including a rule-based agent. Rule-based algorithms are required in safety-critical applications for them to work properly in a wide range of situations.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Akifumi Wachi

A key theme in the past decade has been that when large neural networks and large datasets combine they can produce remarkable results. In deep reinforcement learning (RL), this paradigm is commonly made possible through experience replay,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Cong Lu , Philip J. Ball , Yee Whye Teh , Jack Parker-Holder

User simulation is essential for generating enough data to train a statistical spoken dialogue system. Previous models for user simulation suffer from several drawbacks, such as the inability to take dialogue history into account, the need…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-07-04 Layla El Asri , Jing He , Kaheer Suleman

Formal verification of multi-agent systems is hard, both theoretically and in practice. In particular, studies that use a single verification technique typically show limited efficiency, and allow to verify only toy examples. Here, we…

The SOTIF standard (ISO 21448) requires scenario-based testing to verify and validate Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and Automated Driving Systems but does not suggest any practical way to do so effectively and efficiently. Existing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Lukas Birkemeyer , Julian Fuchs , Alessio Gambi , Ina Schaefer