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Two-level stochastic optimization formulations have become instrumental in a number of machine learning contexts such as continual learning, neural architecture search, adversarial learning, and hyperparameter tuning. Practical stochastic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-08 Tommaso Giovannelli , Griffin Dean Kent , Luis Nunes Vicente

Bilevel learning refers to machine learning problems that can be formulated as bilevel optimization models, where decisions are organized in a hierarchical structure. This paradigm has recently gained considerable attention in machine…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-05 Riccardo Grazzi , Massimiliano Pontil , Saverio Salzo , Alain Zemkoho

Bilevel optimization is a powerful tool for many machine learning problems, such as hyperparameter optimization and meta-learning. Estimating hypergradients (also known as implicit gradients) is crucial for developing gradient-based methods…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-06 Youran Dong , Junfeng Yang , Wei Yao , Jin Zhang

Bilevel optimization has gained prominence in various applications. In this study, we introduce a framework for solving bilevel optimization problems, where the variables in both the lower and upper levels are constrained on Riemannian…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-05 Andi Han , Bamdev Mishra , Pratik Jawanpuria , Akiko Takeda

Most models in machine learning contain at least one hyperparameter to control for model complexity. Choosing an appropriate set of hyperparameters is both crucial in terms of model accuracy and computationally challenging. In this work we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-22 Fabian Pedregosa

Bayesian optimization is a popular and versatile approach that is well suited to solve challenging optimization problems. Their popularity comes from their effective minimization of expensive function evaluations, their capability to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-14 André L. Marchildon , David W. Zingg

Deep learning techniques play an increasingly important role in industrial and research environments due to their outstanding results. However, the large number of hyper-parameters to be set may lead to errors if they are set manually. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-04 Michele Fraccaroli , Evelina Lamma , Fabrizio Riguzzi

Bilevel optimization has found successful applications in various machine learning problems, including hyper-parameter optimization, data cleaning, and meta-learning. However, its huge computational cost presents a significant challenge for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Xiaoyu Wang , Rui Pan , Renjie Pi , Jipeng Zhang

Bilevel optimization has gained significant attention in recent years due to its broad applications in machine learning. This paper focuses on bilevel optimization in decentralized networks and proposes a novel single-loop algorithm for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-24 Youran Dong , Shiqian Ma , Junfeng Yang , Chao Yin

In this paper, we focus on simple bilevel optimization problems, where we minimize a convex smooth objective function over the optimal solution set of another convex smooth constrained optimization problem. We present a novel bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-03 Jincheng Cao , Ruichen Jiang , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani , Aryan Mokhtari

Hyperparameter optimization can be formulated as a bilevel optimization problem, where the optimal parameters on the training set depend on the hyperparameters. We aim to adapt regularization hyperparameters for neural networks by fitting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-08 Matthew MacKay , Paul Vicol , Jon Lorraine , David Duvenaud , Roger Grosse

We consider simple bilevel optimization problems where the goal is to compute among the optimal solutions of a composite convex optimization problem, one that minimizes a secondary objective function. Our main contribution is threefold. (i)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-14 Sepideh Samadi , Daniel Burbano , Farzad Yousefian

In this paper, we formulate the hyperparameter tuning problem in machine learning as a bilevel program. The bilevel program is solved using a micro genetic algorithm that is enhanced with a linear program. While the genetic algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Ankur Sinha , Paritosh Pankaj

Convolutional Neural Network is known as ConvNet have been extensively used in many complex machine learning tasks. However, hyperparameters optimization is one of a crucial step in developing ConvNet architectures, since the accuracy and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-12-21 Pushparaja Murugan

This paper reviews gradient-based techniques to solve bilevel optimization problems. Bilevel optimization is a general way to frame the learning of systems that are implicitly defined through a quantity that they minimize. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Nicolas Zucchet , João Sacramento

The (gradient-based) bilevel programming framework is widely used in hyperparameter optimization and has achieved excellent performance empirically. Previous theoretical work mainly focuses on its optimization properties, while leaving the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Fan Bao , Guoqiang Wu , Chongxuan Li , Jun Zhu , Bo Zhang

Common regularization algorithms for linear regression, such as LASSO and Ridge regression, rely on a regularization hyperparameter that balances the tradeoff between minimizing the fitting error and the norm of the learned model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Gabriele Maroni , Loris Cannelli , Dario Piga

Hyperparameter selection generally relies on running multiple full training trials, with selection based on validation set performance. We propose a gradient-based approach for locally adjusting hyperparameters during training of the model.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-06-20 Jelena Luketina , Mathias Berglund , Klaus Greff , Tapani Raiko

Deep learning has achieved impressive results on many problems. However, it requires high degree of expertise or a lot of experience to tune well the hyperparameters, and such manual tuning process is likely to be biased. Moreover, it is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-01-08 Jiazhuo Wang , Jason Xu , Xuejun Wang

We study a general class of bilevel problems, consisting in the minimization of an upper-level objective which depends on the solution to a parametric fixed-point equation. Important instances arising in machine learning include…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-13 Riccardo Grazzi , Luca Franceschi , Massimiliano Pontil , Saverio Salzo