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Cybersecurity demands both rapid pattern recognition and deliberative reasoning, yet purely neural or purely symbolic approaches each address only one side of this duality. Neuro-Symbolic (NeSy) AI bridges this gap by integrating learning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Safayat Bin Hakim , Muhammad Adil , Alvaro Velasquez , Shouhuai Xu , Houbing Herbert Song

We address the challenge of adopting language models (LMs) for embodied tasks in dynamic environments, where online access to large-scale inference engines or symbolic planners is constrained due to latency, connectivity, and resource…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Wonje Choi , Jooyoung Kim , Honguk Woo

Neuro-Symbolic (NeSy) predictive models hold the promise of improved compliance with given constraints, systematic generalization, and interpretability, as they allow to infer labels that are consistent with some prior knowledge by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Emanuele Marconato , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari , Andrea Passerini

Deep learning has largely improved the performance of various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, most deep learning models are black-box machinery, and lack explicit interpretation. In this chapter, we will introduce our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Xianggen Liu , Zhengdong Lu , Lili Mou

Deep Learning (DL) models have become popular for solving complex problems, but they have limitations such as the need for high-quality training data, lack of transparency, and robustness issues. Neuro-Symbolic AI has emerged as a promising…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Andrea Rafanelli

Neurosymbolic (NeSy) artificial intelligence describes the combination of logic or rule-based techniques with neural networks. Compared to neural approaches, NeSy methods often possess enhanced interpretability, which is particularly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Lauren Nicole DeLong , Yojana Gadiya , Paola Galdi , Jacques D. Fleuriot , Daniel Domingo-Fernández

The current Neuro-Symbolic (NeSy) Learning paradigm suffers from an over-reliance on labeled data, so if we completely disregard labels, it leads to less symbol information, a larger solution space, and more shortcuts-issues that current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Lin-Han Jia , Wen-Chao Hu , Jie-Jing Shao , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li

This paper develops a novel methodology for using symbolic knowledge in deep learning. From first principles, we derive a semantic loss function that bridges between neural output vectors and logical constraints. This loss function captures…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Jingyi Xu , Zilu Zhang , Tal Friedman , Yitao Liang , Guy Van den Broeck

Neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence (NSAI) represents a transformative approach in artificial intelligence (AI) by combining deep learning's ability to handle large-scale and unstructured data with the structured reasoning of symbolic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Oualid Bougzime , Samir Jabbar , Christophe Cruz , Frédéric Demoly

We study the problem of combining neural networks with symbolic reasoning. Recently introduced frameworks for Probabilistic Neurosymbolic Learning (PNL), such as DeepProbLog, perform exponential-time exact inference, limiting the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Emile van Krieken , Thiviyan Thanapalasingam , Jakub M. Tomczak , Frank van Harmelen , Annette ten Teije

Recent progress in deep reinforcement learning (DRL) can be largely attributed to the use of neural networks. However, this black-box approach fails to explain the learned policy in a human understandable way. To address this challenge and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Zhihao Ma , Yuzheng Zhuang , Paul Weng , Hankz Hankui Zhuo , Dong Li , Wulong Liu , Jianye Hao

Deep learning (DL) based language models achieve high performance on various benchmarks for Natural Language Inference (NLI). And at this time, symbolic approaches to NLI are receiving less attention. Both approaches (symbolic and DL) have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Zeming Chen , Qiyue Gao , Lawrence S. Moss

We study the problem of learning worst-case-safe parameters for programs that use neural networks as well as symbolic, human-written code. Such neurosymbolic programs arise in many safety-critical domains. However, because they can use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Chenxi Yang , Swarat Chaudhuri

Symbolic regression (SR) is a powerful technique for discovering the underlying mathematical expressions from observed data. Inspired by the success of deep learning, recent deep generative SR methods have shown promising results. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Wenqiang Li , Weijun Li , Lina Yu , Min Wu , Linjun Sun , Jingyi Liu , Yanjie Li , Shu Wei , Yusong Deng , Meilan Hao

Identifying governing equations for a dynamical system is a topic of critical interest across an array of disciplines, from mathematics to engineering to biology. Machine learning -- specifically deep learning -- techniques have shown their…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-05-07 Nibodh Boddupalli , Timothy Matchen , Jeff Moehlis

We introduce the Deep Symbolic Network (DSN) model, which aims at becoming the white-box version of Deep Neural Networks (DNN). The DSN model provides a simple, universal yet powerful structure, similar to DNN, to represent any knowledge of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-07-14 Qunzhi Zhang , Didier Sornette

Neuro-symbolic learning (NSL) models complex symbolic rule patterns into latent variable distributions by neural networks, which reduces rule search space and generates unseen rules to improve downstream task performance. Centralized NSL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Pengwei Xing , Songtao Lu , Han Yu

Deep neural learning uses an increasing amount of computation and data to solve very specific problems. By stark contrast, human minds solve a wide range of problems using a fixed amount of computation and limited experience. One ability…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Zihan Ye , Hikaru Shindo , Devendra Singh Dhami , Kristian Kersting

A large class of Neural-Symbolic (NeSy) methods employs a machine learner to process the input entities, while relying on a reasoner based on First-Order Logic to represent and process more complex relationships among the entities. A…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Rodrigo Castellano Ontiveros , Francesco Giannini , Marco Gori , Giuseppe Marra , Michelangelo Diligenti

The goal in network state prediction (NSP) is to classify the global state (label) associated with features embedded in a graph. This graph structure encoding feature relationships is the key distinctive aspect of NSP compared to classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-02 Lin Zhang , Petko Bogdanov