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We introduce a neural reading comprehension model that integrates external commonsense knowledge, encoded as a key-value memory, in a cloze-style setting. Instead of relying only on document-to-question interaction or discrete features as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-22 Todor Mihaylov , Anette Frank

In this paper, we address reasoning tasks from open vocabulary Knowledge Bases (openKBs) using state-of-the-art Neural Language Models (NLMs) with applications in scientific literature. For this purpose, self-attention based NLMs are…

Large language models (LLMs) have mastered abundant simple and explicit commonsense knowledge through pre-training, enabling them to achieve human-like performance in simple commonsense reasoning. Nevertheless, LLMs struggle to reason with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Kai Xiong , Xiao Ding , Yixin Cao , Yuxiong Yan , Li Du , Yufei Zhang , Jinglong Gao , Jiaqian Liu , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

Language models (LMs) show state of the art performance for common sense (CS) question answering, but whether this ability implies a human-level mastery of CS remains an open question. Understanding the limitations and strengths of LMs can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Ehsan Qasemi , Lee Kezar , Jay Pujara , Pedro Szekely

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive formal reasoning abilities, they often break down when problems require complex proof planning. One promising approach for improving LLM reasoning abilities involves…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Joseph Cotnareanu , Didier Chetelat , Yingxue Zhang , Mark Coates

Analogical reasoning is a fundamental capacity of human cognition that allows us to reason abstractly about novel situations by relating them to past experiences. While it is thought to be essential for robust reasoning in AI systems,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Xiaoyang Hu , Shane Storks , Richard L. Lewis , Joyce Chai

Despite their linguistic competence, Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle to reason reliably and flexibly. To identify these shortcomings, we introduce the Non-Linear Reasoning (NLR) dataset, a collection of 55 unique, hand-designed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Nasim Borazjanizadeh , Steven T. Piantadosi

Commonsense reasoning is a difficult task for a computer, but a critical skill for an artificial intelligence (AI). It can enhance the explainability of AI models by enabling them to provide intuitive and human-like explanations for their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Stefanie Krause , Frieder Stolzenburg

In NLP, Zero-Shot Classification (ZSC) has become essential for enabling models to classify text into categories unseen during training, particularly in low-resource languages and domains where labeled data is scarce. While pretrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Fred Philippy , Siwen Guo , Cedric Lothritz , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé

The non-humanlike behaviour of contemporary pre-trained language models (PLMs) is a leading cause undermining their trustworthiness. A striking phenomenon of such faulty behaviours is the generation of inconsistent predictions, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Myeongjun Erik Jang , Thomas Lukasiewicz

Advances in neural modeling have achieved state-of-the-art (SOTA) results on public natural language processing (NLP) benchmarks, at times surpassing human performance. However, there is a gap between public benchmarks and real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Asa Cooper Stickland , Sailik Sengupta , Jason Krone , Saab Mansour , He He

With the growing success of reasoning models across complex natural language tasks, researchers in the Information Retrieval (IR) community have begun exploring how similar reasoning capabilities can be integrated into passage rerankers…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Nour Jedidi , Yung-Sung Chuang , James Glass , Jimmy Lin

Existing language models (LMs) predict tokens with a softmax over a finite vocabulary, which can make it difficult to predict rare tokens or phrases. We introduce NPM, the first nonparametric masked language model that replaces this softmax…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Sewon Min , Weijia Shi , Mike Lewis , Xilun Chen , Wen-tau Yih , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Luke Zettlemoyer

Many commonsense reasoning NLP tasks involve choosing between one or more possible answers to a question or prompt based on knowledge that is often implicit. Large pretrained language models (PLMs) can achieve near-human performance on such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Bhargavi Paranjape , Julian Michael , Marjan Ghazvininejad , Luke Zettlemoyer , Hannaneh Hajishirzi

Commonsense reasoning has long been considered as one of the holy grails of artificial intelligence. Most of the recent progress in the field has been achieved by novel machine learning algorithms for natural language processing. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-31 Tanel Tammet

Natural language understanding involves reading between the lines with implicit background knowledge. Current systems either rely on pre-trained language models as the sole implicit source of world knowledge, or resort to external knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-17 Vered Shwartz , Peter West , Ronan Le Bras , Chandra Bhagavatula , Yejin Choi

While large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and PaLM have demonstrated remarkable performance in various language understanding and generation tasks, their capabilities in complex reasoning and intricate knowledge utilization still…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Haodi Zhang , Min Cai , Xinhe Zhang , Chen Jason Zhang , Rui Mao , Kaishun Wu

Scaling test-time computation with reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a reliable path to improve large language models (LLM) reasoning ability. Yet, outcome-based reward often incentivizes models to be overconfident, leading to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Liaoyaqi Wang , Chunsheng Zuo , William Jurayj , Benjamin Van Durme , Anqi Liu

Emotion recognition in conversation (ERC) aims to detect the emotion for each utterance in a given conversation. The newly proposed ERC models have leveraged pre-trained language models (PLMs) with the paradigm of pre-training and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Jingjie Yi , Deqing Yang , Siyu Yuan , Caiyan Cao , Zhiyao Zhang , Yanghua Xiao

Large language models have demonstrated impressive performance on commonsense tasks; however, these tasks are often posed as multiple-choice questions, allowing models to exploit systematic biases. Commonsense is also inherently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Qi Cheng , Michael Boratko , Pranay Kumar Yelugam , Tim O'Gorman , Nalini Singh , Andrew McCallum , Xiang Lorraine Li