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Watermarking is a technique for hiding of data in a medium coverage so that its presence is not detectable by a human eye and is recoverable only by the authorized recipient. Two of the most important features of watermarked image are…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Saeideh Nabipour , Javad Javidan , Majid Khorrami , Jila Azimzadeh

Training a high-performance deep neural network requires large amounts of data and computational resources. Protecting the intellectual property (IP) and commercial ownership of a deep model is challenging yet increasingly crucial. A major…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Shuyang Yu , Junyuan Hong , Haobo Zhang , Haotao Wang , Zhangyang Wang , Jiayu Zhou

The audio watermarking technique embeds messages into audio and accurately extracts messages from the watermarked audio. Traditional methods develop algorithms based on expert experience to embed watermarks into the time-domain or…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Pengcheng Li , Xulong Zhang , Jing Xiao , Jianzong Wang

The indistinguishability of AI-generated content from human text raises challenges in transparency and accountability. While several methods exist to watermark models behind APIs, embedding watermark strategies directly into model weights…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Fay Elhassan , Niccolò Ajroldi , Antonio Orvieto , Jonas Geiping

Watermarking has emerged as a crucial technique for detecting and attributing content generated by large language models. While recent advancements have utilized watermark ensembles to enhance robustness, prevailing methods typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Ruibo Chen , Yihan Wu , Xuehao Cui , Jingqi Zhang , Heng Huang

As deep neural networks (DNNs) are becoming the prominent solution for many computational problems, the aviation industry seeks to explore their potential in alleviating pilot workload and in improving operational safety. However, the use…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Yizhak Elboher , Raya Elsaleh , Omri Isac , Mélanie Ducoffe , Audrey Galametz , Guillaume Povéda , Ryma Boumazouza , Noémie Cohen , Guy Katz

A trend towards energy-efficiency, security and privacy has led to a recent focus on deploying DNNs on microcontrollers. However, limits on compute and memory resources restrict the size and the complexity of the ML models deployable in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Fernando García-Redondo , Shidhartha Das , Glen Rosendale

Watermarking is an operation of embedding an information into an image in a way that allows to identify ownership of the image despite applying some distortions on it. In this paper, we presented a novel end-to-end solution for embedding…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Marcin Plata , Piotr Syga

Recently, Deep Learning (DL) models have been increasingly deployed on end-user devices as On-Device AI, offering improved efficiency and privacy. However, this deployment trend poses more serious Intellectual Property (IP) risks, as models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Zhicheng Zhang , Peizhuo Lv , Mengke Wan , Jiang Fang , Diandian Guo , Yezeng Chen , Yinlong Liu , Wei Ma , Jiyan Sun , Liru Geng

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are powerful machine learning models and have succeeded in various artificial intelligence tasks. Although various architectures and modules for the DNNs have been proposed, selecting and designing the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-01-24 Shinichi Shirakawa , Yasushi Iwata , Youhei Akimoto

Watermarking has emerged as a promising solution to counter harmful or deceptive AI-generated content by embedding hidden identifiers that trace content origins. However, the robustness of current watermarking techniques is still largely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Xiaodong Wu , Tianyi Tang , Xiangman Li , Jianbing Ni , Yong Yu

Watermarking has emerged as a promising solution for tracing and authenticating text generated by large language models (LLMs). A common approach to LLM watermarking is to construct a green/red token list and assign higher or lower…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Li An , Yujian Liu , Yepeng Liu , Yuheng Bu , Yang Zhang , Shiyu Chang

Verifying the authenticity of AI-generated text has become increasingly important with the rapid advancement of large language models, and unbiased watermarking has emerged as a promising approach due to its ability to preserve output…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yihan Wu , Xuehao Cui , Ruibo Chen , Heng Huang

Efficient inference of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) is essential to making AI ubiquitous. Two important algorithmic techniques have shown promise for enabling efficient inference - sparsity and binarization. These techniques translate into…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Sachit Kuhar , Alexey Tumanov , Judy Hoffman

Due to the rapid growth of machine learning tools and specifically deep networks in various computer vision and image processing areas, application of Convolutional Neural Networks for watermarking have recently emerged. In this paper, we…

With the rise of large language models (LLMs) and concerns about potential misuse, watermarks for generative LLMs have recently attracted much attention. An important aspect of such watermarks is the trade-off between their identifiability…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Bram Wouters

Neural networks are widespread due to their powerful performance. Yet, they degrade in the presence of noisy labels at training time. Inspired by the setting of learning with expert advice, where multiplicative weights (MW) updates were…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Noga Bar , Tomer Koren , Raja Giryes

We study the problem of watermarking large language models (LLMs) generated text -- one of the most promising approaches for addressing the safety challenges of LLM usage. In this paper, we propose a rigorous theoretical framework to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Xuandong Zhao , Prabhanjan Ananth , Lei Li , Yu-Xiang Wang

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has found wide application, but also poses risks due to unintentional or malicious tampering during deployment. Regular checks are therefore necessary to detect and prevent such risks. Fragile watermarking is a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Zhenzhe Gao , Zhaoxia Yin , Hongjian Zhan , Heng Yin , Yue Lu

With the increasing attention to deep neural network (DNN) models, attacks are also upcoming for such models. For example, an attacker may carefully construct images in specific ways (also referred to as adversarial examples) aiming to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Yuexin Xiang , Tiantian Li , Wei Ren , Tianqing Zhu , Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo