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We are developing the frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) read-out of transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeters for the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) instrument on board of the future European X-Ray observatory Athena. The X-IFU…

At SRON we have been developing X-ray TES micro-calorimeters as backup technology for the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) of the Athena mission, demonstrating excellent resolving powers both under DC and AC bias. We also developed a…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-06-04 D. Vaccaro , H. Akamatsu , L. Gottardi , M. de Wit , M. P. Bruijn , J. van der Kuur , K. Nagayoshi , E. Taralli , K. Ravensberg , J. R. Gao , J. W. A. den Herder

Frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) is the baseline readout system for the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) on board the Athena mission. Under the FDM scheme, TESs are coupled to a passive LC filter and biased with alternating current (AC…

We report our most recent progress and demonstration of a frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) readout technology for transition-edge sensor (TES) arrays, both of which we have been developing, in the framework of the X-IFU instrument on…

Transition-edge sensors (TESs) are used as very sensitive thermometers in microcalorimeters aimed at detection of different wavelengths. In particular, for soft X-ray astrophysics, science goals require very high resolution…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-02-19 E. Taralli , C. Pobes , P. Khosropanah , L. Fabrega , A. Camon , L. Gottardi , K. Nagayoshi , M. Ridder , M. Bruijn , J. R. Gao

We are developing Frequency Domain Multiplexing (FDM) for the read-out of TES imaging microcalorimeter arrays for future X-ray missions like IXO. In the FDMconfiguration the TES is AC voltage biased at a well defined frequencies (between…

The Advanced Telescope for High-Energy Astrophysics (Athena) has been selected by ESA as its second large-class mission. The future European X-ray observatory will study the hot and energetic Universe with its launch foreseen in 2028.…

We are developing X-ray microcalorimeters as a backup option for the baseline detectors in the X-IFU instrument on board the ATHENA space mission led by ESA and to be launched in the early 2030s.5$\times$5 mixed arrays with TiAu…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-02-19 E. Taralli , L. Gottardi , K. Nagayoshi , M. Ridder , S. Visser , P. Khosropanah , H. Akamatsu , J. van der Kuur , M. Bruijn , J. R. Gao

Athena is a space-based X-ray observatory intended for exploration of the hot and energetic universe. One of the science instruments on Athena will be the X-ray Integrated Field Unit (X-IFU), which is a cryogenic X-ray spectrometer, based…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-11-17 J. van der Kuur , L. G. Gottardi , H. Akamatsu , B. J. van Leeuwen , R. den Hartog , D. Haas , M. Kiviranta , B. J. Jackson

We report on the development and demonstration of a MHz frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) technology to read out arrays of cryogenic transition edge sensor (TES) X-ray microcalorimeters. In our FDM scheme, TESs are AC-biased at different…

We are developing transition-edge sensor (TES)-based microcalorimeters for the X-ray Integral Field Unit (XIFU) of the future European X-Ray Observatory Athena. The microcalorimeters are based on TiAu TESs coupled to 250{\mu}m squared, AuBi…

The next generation of Far-infrared and X-ray space observatories will require detector arrays with thousands of transition edge sensor (TES) pixel. It is extremely important to have a tool that is able to characterize all the pixels and…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-02-19 E. Taralli , P. Khosropanah , L. Gottardi , K. Nagayoshi , M. L. Ridder , M. P. Bruijn , J. R. Gao

We have measured and characterized the thermal crosstalk in two different arrays of transition-edge sensor (TES) X-ray micro-calorimeters with frequency-domain multiplexing (FDM) readout. The TES arrays are fabricated at SRON and are a…

The next-generation of cryogenic neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments require increasingly fast readout in order to improve background discrimination. These experiments, operated as cryogenic calorimeters at $\sim$10 mK, are usually…

The Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) is an extremely sensitive device which is used to measure the energy of individual X-ray photons. For astronomical spectrometry applications, SRON develops a Frequency Domain Multiplexing (FDM) read-out…

Transition-edge sensor (TES) is a highly sensitive device that is capable of detecting extremely low levels of energy. It is characterised by low noise performance and high energy resolution. A mature method for reading out TES signal is…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-02-11 N. Li , X. Ren , H. Gao , Z. Zhang , Y. Zhang , C. Liu , H. Li , Z. Li

At SRON we are studying the performance of a Goddard Space Flight Center single pixel TES microcalorimeter operated in an AC bias configuration. For x-ray photons at 6 keV the pixel shows an x-ray energy resolution $dE_{FWHM} =…

In the early 2030s, ESAs new X-ray observatory, Athena, is scheduled to be launched. It will carry two main instruments, one of which is the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU), an X-ray imaging spectrometer, which will consist of an array of…

We are developing large TES arrays in combination with FDM readout for the next generation of X-ray space observatories. For operation under AC-bias, the TESs have to be carefully designed and optimized. In particular, the use of high…

At SRON we are developing the Frequency Domain Multiplexing (FDM) for the read-out of the TES-based detector array for the future infrared and X-ray space mission. We describe the performances of a multiplexer designed to increase the…

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