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Modern AI systems increasingly operate inside markets and institutions where data, behavior, and incentives are endogenous. This paper develops an economic foundation for multi-agent learning by studying a principal-agent interaction in a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-08 Nassim Helou

Optimal execution is a sequential decision-making problem for cost-saving in algorithmic trading. Studies have found that reinforcement learning (RL) can help decide the order-splitting sizes. However, a problem remains unsolved: how to…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2022-07-25 Feiyang Pan , Tongzhe Zhang , Ling Luo , Jia He , Shuoling Liu

We examine the dynamics of informational efficiency in a market with asymmetrically informed, boundedly rational traders who adaptively learn optimal strategies using simple multiarmed bandit (MAB) algorithms. The strategies available to…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2024-11-11 Aleksei Pastushkov

We consider long-lived agents who interact repeatedly in a social network. In each period, each agent learns about an unknown state by observing a private signal and her neighbors' actions from the previous period before choosing her own…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-08-19 Florian Brandl

The rise of process data availability has recently led to the development of data-driven learning approaches. However, most of these approaches restrict the use of the learned model to predict the future of ongoing process executions. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Stefano Branchi , Chiara Di Francescomarino , Chiara Ghidini , David Massimo , Francesco Ricci , Massimiliano Ronzani

We study a game between liquidity provider and liquidity taker agents interacting in an over-the-counter market, for which the typical example is foreign exchange. We show how a suitable design of parameterized families of reward functions…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Nelson Vadori , Leo Ardon , Sumitra Ganesh , Thomas Spooner , Selim Amrouni , Jared Vann , Mengda Xu , Zeyu Zheng , Tucker Balch , Manuela Veloso

We demonstrate an application of risk-sensitive reinforcement learning to optimizing execution in limit order book markets. We represent taking order execution decisions based on limit order book knowledge by a Markov Decision Process; and…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-01-07 Svitlana Vyetrenko , Shaojie Xu

Reinforcement learning is explored as a candidate machine learning technique to enhance existing analytical solutions for optimal trade execution with elements from the market microstructure. Given a volume-to-trade, fixed time horizon and…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2016-02-19 Dieter Hendricks , Diane Wilcox

While reinforcement learning has achieved considerable successes in recent years, state-of-the-art models are often still limited by the size of state and action spaces. Model-free reinforcement learning approaches use some form of state…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Paul J. Pritz , Liang Ma , Kin K. Leung

In the present work we introduce a novel multi-agent model with the aim to reproduce the dynamics of a double auction market at microscopic time scale through a faithful simulation of the matching mechanics in the limit order book. The…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2015-05-18 Marco Bartolozzi

In financial applications, reinforcement learning (RL) agents are commonly trained on historical data, where their actions do not influence prices. However, during deployment, these agents trade in live markets where their own transactions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Shaocong Ma , Heng Huang

We introduce a simple benchmark model of dynamic matching in networked markets, where agents arrive and depart stochastically and the network of acceptable transactions among agents forms a random graph. We analyze our model from three…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2014-02-18 Mohammad Akbarpour , Shengwu Li , Shayan Oveis Gharan

Recent technological developments have changed the fundamental ways stock markets function, bringing regulatory instances to assess the benefits of these developments. In parallel, the ongoing machine learning revolution and its multiple…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2023-02-09 Johann Lussange , Boris Gutkin

In this work we study the optimal execution problem with multiplicative price impact in algorithm trading, when an agent holds an initial position of shares of a financial asset. The inter-selling-decision times are modelled by the arrival…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2018-05-04 Daniel Hernández-Hernández , Harold A. Moreno-Franco , José Luis Pérez

In Formula 1, race strategies are adapted according to evolving race conditions and competitors' actions. This paper proposes a reinforcement learning approach for multi-agent race strategy optimization. Agents learn to balance energy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Giona Fieni , Joschua Wüthrich , Marc-Philippe Neumann , Christopher H. Onder

A major challenge in the field of education is providing review schedules that present learned items at appropriate intervals to each student so that memory is retained over time. In recent years, attempts have been made to formulate item…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Yoshiki Kubotani , Yoshihiro Fukuhara , Shigeo Morishima

Growing concerns regarding the operational usage of AI models in the real-world has caused a surge of interest in explaining AI models' decisions to humans. Reinforcement Learning is not an exception in this regard. In this work, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Omid Davoodi , Majid Komeili

The efficient exchange of information is an essential aspect of intelligent collective behavior. Event-triggered control and estimation achieve some efficiency by replacing continuous data exchange between agents with intermittent, or…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2020-04-30 Friedrich Solowjow , Sebastian Trimpe

In the past, financial stock markets have been studied with previous generations of multi-agent systems (MAS) that relied on zero-intelligence agents, and often the necessity to implement so-called noise traders to sub-optimally emulate…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2019-10-14 J. Lussange , S. Bourgeois-Gironde , S. Palminteri , B. Gutkin

We apply Reinforcement Learning algorithms to solve the classic quantitative finance Market Making problem, in which an agent provides liquidity to the market by placing buy and sell orders while maximizing a utility function. The optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Matias Selser , Javier Kreiner , Manuel Maurette