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A covering system of the integers is a finite collection of modular residue classes $\{a_m \bmod{m}\}_{m \in S}$ whose union is all integers. Given a finite set $S$ of moduli, it is often difficult to tell whether there is a choice of…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2017-05-15 Jackson Hopper

A covering system is a finite collection of arithmetic progressions whose union is the set of integers. The study of these objects was initiated by Erd\H{o}s in 1950, and over the following decades he asked many questions about them. Most…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-11-04 Paul Balister , Béla Bollobás , Robert Morris , Julian Sahasrabudhe , Marius Tiba

Introduced by Erd\H{o}s in 1950, a covering system of the integers is a finite collection of arithmetic progressions whose union is the set $\mathbb{Z}$. Many beautiful questions and conjectures about covering systems have been posed over…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-11-17 Paul Balister , Béla Bollobás , Robert Morris , Julian Sahasrabudhe , Marius Tiba

We answer a question of Erd\H{o}s by showing that the least modulus of a distinct covering system of congruences is no larger than $10^{18}$.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-05-04 Bob Hough

It is proved that if the least modulus of a distinct covering system is 4, its largest modulus is at least 60; also if the least modulus is 3, the LCM of the moduli is at least 120; finally, if the least modulus is 4, the LCM of the moduli…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-02-11 Jack Dalton , Ognian Trifonov

A set of arithmetical sequences $$ a_1\, (\bmod{ \,\, m_1}) \quad, \quad a_2 \, (\bmod{\,\, m_2}) \quad, \quad \dots \quad , \quad a_k \, (\bmod{\,\,m_k}) \quad \quad , $$ with $$ m_1 \leq m_2 \leq \dots \leq m_k \quad \quad , $$ is called…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-11-16 Shalosh B. Ekhad , Aviezri S. Fraenkel , Doron Zeilberger

We prove that every distinct covering system has a modulus divisible by either 2 or 3.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-05-25 Robert D. Hough , Pace P. Nielsen

We try to find all quadruples of positive integers $(m,a,b,c)$ with $a \geq b \geq c$ such that there exists a distinct covering system with minimum modulus $m$ and least common multiple of the moduli $2^a 3^b 5^c$. We obtain complete…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-19 Joshua Harrington , Jonah Klein , Joshua Lowrance , Ognian Trifonov

A covering system is a finite collection of arithmetic progressions whose union is the set of integers. The study of covering systems with distinct moduli was initiated by Erd\H{o}s in 1950, and over the following decades numerous problems…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-05-26 Paul Balister , Béla Bollobás , Robert Morris , Julian Sahasrabudhe , Marius Tiba

Since their introduction by Erd\H{o}s in 1950, covering systems (that is, finite collections of arithmetic progressions that cover the integers) have been extensively studied, and numerous questions and conjectures have been posed regarding…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-11-09 Paul Balister , Béla Bollobás , Robert Morris , Julian Sahasrabudhe , Marius Tiba

Erd\H{o}s first introduced the idea of covering systems in 1950. Since then, much of the work in this area has concentrated on identifying covering systems that meet specific conditions on their moduli. Among the central open problems in…

Covering systems were introduced by Erd\H{o}s in 1950. In the same article where he introduced them, he asked if the minimum modulus of a covering system with distinct moduli is bounded. In 2015, Hough answered affirmatively this long…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-08-25 Jonah Klein , Dimitris Koukoulopoulos , Simon Lemieux

A covering system of the integers is a finite collection of arithmetic progressions whose union is the set of integers. A well-known problem on covering systems is the minimum modulus problem posed by Erd\H{o}s in 1950, who asked whether…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-08-26 Huixi Li , Biao Wang , Chunlin Wang , Shaoyun Yi

We prove that for each fixed $m \ge 2$, there are only finitely many disjoint covering systems with minimum modulus at least $3$ in which precisely one modulus is repeated, namely the largest modulus, and it occurs exactly $m$ times.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-30 Yu Hashimoto

We consider the problem of covering $\mathbb{Z}^2$ with a finite number of sublattices of finite index, satisfying a simple minimality or non-degeneracy condition. We show how this problem may be viewed as a projective (or homogeneous)…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-15 J. E. Cremona , P. Koymans

The concept of a covering system was first introduced by Erd\H{o}s in 1950. Since their introduction, a lot of the research regarding covering systems has focused on the existence of covering systems with certain restrictions on the moduli.…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-06-24 Joshua Harrington , Yewen Sun , Wing Hong Tony Wong

Computing modular coincidences can show whether a given substitution system, which is supported on a point lattice in R^d, consists of model sets or not. We prove the computatibility of this problem and determine an upper bound for the…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2008-03-11 D. Frettlöh , B. Sing

In 1952, H. Davenport posed the problem of determining a condition on the minimum modulus $m_{0}$ in a finite distinct covering system that would imply that the sum of the reciprocals of the moduli in the covering system is bounded away…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-07-23 Michael Filaseta , Alexandros Kalogirou

Erd\H{o}s and Graham (Erd\H{o}s and Graham, 1980) asked if there exists an $n$ such that the divisors of $n$ greater than 1 are the moduli of a distinct covering system with the following property: If there exists an integer which satisfies…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-04 Sarosh Adenwalla

We prove that if the smallest modulus of a covering system with distinct moduli is $5$, then the largest modulus is at least 108. We also prove that if the smallest modulus of a covering system with distinct moduli is $5$, then the least…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-26 Jonah Klein
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