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Scalable training of large models (like BERT and GPT-3) requires careful optimization rooted in model design, architecture, and system capabilities. From a system standpoint, communication has become a major bottleneck, especially on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Hanlin Tang , Shaoduo Gan , Ammar Ahmad Awan , Samyam Rajbhandari , Conglong Li , Xiangru Lian , Ji Liu , Ce Zhang , Yuxiong He

In reinforcement learning (RL), it is common to apply techniques used broadly in machine learning such as neural network function approximators and momentum-based optimizers. However, such tools were largely developed for supervised…

We propose a new variant of the Adam optimizer called MicroAdam that specifically minimizes memory overheads, while maintaining theoretical convergence guarantees. We achieve this by compressing the gradient information before it is fed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Ionut-Vlad Modoranu , Mher Safaryan , Grigory Malinovsky , Eldar Kurtic , Thomas Robert , Peter Richtarik , Dan Alistarh

Adaptive gradient methods such as RMSProp and Adam use exponential moving estimate of the squared gradient to compute adaptive step sizes, achieving better convergence than SGD in face of noisy objectives. However, Adam can have undesirable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Chen Zhu , Yu Cheng , Zhe Gan , Furong Huang , Jingjing Liu , Tom Goldstein

Adam has become one of the most popular optimizers for training modern deep neural networks, such as transformers. However, its applicability is largely restricted to single-level optimization problems. In this paper, we aim to extend…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Xiaochuan Gong , Jie Hao , Mingrui Liu

Methods with adaptive stepsizes, such as AdaGrad and Adam, are essential for training modern Deep Learning models, especially Large Language Models. Typically, the noise in the stochastic gradients is heavy-tailed for the later ones.…

In current deep learning tasks, Adam style optimizers such as Adam, Adagrad, RMSProp, Adafactor, and Lion have been widely used as alternatives to SGD style optimizers. These optimizers typically update model parameters using the sign of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Shuaipeng Li , Penghao Zhao , Hailin Zhang , Xingwu Sun , Hao Wu , Dian Jiao , Weiyan Wang , Chengjun Liu , Zheng Fang , Jinbao Xue , Yangyu Tao , Bin Cui , Di Wang

The Adam algorithm has become extremely popular for large-scale machine learning. Under convexity condition, it has been proved to enjoy a data-dependant $O(\sqrt{T})$ regret bound where $T$ is the time horizon. However, whether strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-09 Guanghui Wang , Shiyin Lu , Weiwei Tu , Lijun Zhang

Adaptive Moment Estimation (ADAM) is a very popular training algorithm for deep neural networks and belongs to the family of adaptive gradient descent optimizers. However to the best of the authors knowledge no complete convergence analysis…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-22 Sebastian Bock , Martin Georg Weiß

We introduce Adam, an algorithm for first-order gradient-based optimization of stochastic objective functions, based on adaptive estimates of lower-order moments. The method is straightforward to implement, is computationally efficient, has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-01-31 Diederik P. Kingma , Jimmy Ba

Recent work [4] analyses the local convergence of Adam in a neighbourhood of an optimal solution for a twice-differentiable function. It is found that the learning rate has to be sufficiently small to ensure local stability of the optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Guoqiang Zhang , Niwa Kenta , W. Bastiaan Kleijn

Although adaptive optimization algorithms such as Adam show fast convergence in many machine learning tasks, this paper identifies a problem of Adam by analyzing its performance in a simple non-convex synthetic problem, showing that Adam's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Wenjie Li , Zhaoyang Zhang , Xinjiang Wang , Ping Luo

We show that deep reinforcement learning algorithms can retain their ability to learn without resetting network parameters in settings where the number of gradient updates greatly exceeds the number of environment samples by combatting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Marcel Hussing , Claas Voelcker , Igor Gilitschenski , Amir-massoud Farahmand , Eric Eaton

Optimization is essential in deep learning. The foundational method upon which most optimizers are built is momentum-based stochastic gradient descent. However, it suffers from two key drawbacks. First, it has noisy and varying gradients,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Saurabh Saini , Kapil Ahuja , Thomas Wick , Saurav Kumar

Adam is a widely used optimizer in neural network training due to its adaptive learning rate. However, because different data samples influence model updates to varying degrees, treating them equally can lead to inefficient convergence. To…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-09 Gyu Yeol Kim , Min-hwan Oh

We introduce Velocity-Regularized Adam (VRAdam), a physics-inspired optimizer for training deep neural networks that draws on ideas from quartic terms for kinetic energy with its stabilizing effects on various system dynamics. Previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Pranav Vaidhyanathan , Lucas Schorling , Natalia Ares , Michael A. Osborne

The Adam optimizer is currently presumably the most popular optimization method in deep learning. In this article we develop an ODE based method to study the Adam optimizer in a fast-slow scaling regime. For fixed momentum parameters and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-07 Steffen Dereich , Arnulf Jentzen , Sebastian Kassing

The ADAM optimizer is exceedingly popular in the deep learning community. Often it works very well, sometimes it doesn't. Why? We interpret ADAM as a combination of two aspects: for each weight, the update direction is determined by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Lukas Balles , Philipp Hennig

Despite the wide applications of Adam in reinforcement learning (RL), the theoretical convergence of Adam-type RL algorithms has not been established. This paper provides the first such convergence analysis for two fundamental RL algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Huaqing Xiong , Tengyu Xu , Yingbin Liang , Wei Zhang

Consider an infinite sequence of independent, uniformly chosen points from $[0,1]^d$. After looking at each point in the sequence, an overseer is allowed to either keep it or reject it, and this choice may depend on the locations of all…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-09-05 Raaz Dwivedi , Ohad N. Feldheim , Ori Gurel-Gurevich , Aaditya Ramdas