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Modern neural networks can assign high confidence to inputs drawn from outside the training distribution, posing threats to models in real-world deployments. While much research attention has been placed on designing new out-of-distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Yifei Ming , Hang Yin , Yixuan Li

A key feature of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is to exploit a trained neural network by extracting statistical patterns and relationships through the multi-layer classifier to detect shifts in the expected input data distribution.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Eduardo Dadalto , Pierre Colombo , Guillaume Staerman , Nathan Noiry , Pablo Piantanida

Many neural network-based out-of-distribution (OoD) detection methods have been proposed. However, they require many training data for each target task. We propose a simple yet effective meta-learning method to detect OoD with small…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-22 Tomoharu Iwata , Atsutoshi Kumagai

As machine learning becomes increasingly prevalent in impactful decisions, recognizing when inference data is outside the model's expected input distribution is paramount for giving context to predictions. Out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Anish Lakkapragada , Amol Khanna , Edward Raff , Nathan Inkawhich

Detecting Out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs have been a critical issue for neural networks in the open world. However, the unstable behavior of OOD detection along the optimization trajectory during training has not been explored clearly. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Zhen Cheng , Fei Zhu , Xu-Yao Zhang , Cheng-Lin Liu

Federated learning (FL) is a promising machine learning paradigm that collaborates with client models to capture global knowledge. However, deploying FL models in real-world scenarios remains unreliable due to the coexistence of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Xinting Liao , Weiming Liu , Pengyang Zhou , Fengyuan Yu , Jiahe Xu , Jun Wang , Wenjie Wang , Chaochao Chen , Xiaolin Zheng

Out-of-distribution (OoD) inputs pose a persistent challenge to deep learning models, often triggering overconfident predictions on non-target objects. While prior work has primarily focused on refining scoring functions and adjusting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Changshun Wu , Weicheng He , Chih-Hong Cheng , Xiaowei Huang , Saddek Bensalem

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical for preventing deep learning models from making incorrect predictions to ensure the safety of artificial intelligence systems. Especially in safety-critical applications such as medical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Mouxiao Huang , Yu Qiao

Despite graph neural networks' (GNNs) great success in modelling graph-structured data, out-of-distribution (OOD) test instances still pose a great challenge for current GNNs. One of the most effective techniques to detect OOD nodes is to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Danny Wang , Ruihong Qiu , Guangdong Bai , Zi Huang

With the recently rapid development in deep learning, deep neural networks have been widely adopted in many real-life applications. However, deep neural networks are also known to have very little control over its uncertainty for unseen…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-23 Wenhu Chen , Yilin Shen , Hongxia Jin , William Wang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify test examples that do not belong to the training distribution and are thus unlikely to be predicted reliably. Despite a plethora of existing works, most of them focused only on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Reza Averly , Wei-Lun Chao

Neural networks are often utilised in critical domain applications (e.g. self-driving cars, financial markets, and aerospace engineering), even though they exhibit overconfident predictions for ambiguous inputs. This deficiency demonstrates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-03 John Mitros , Brian Mac Namee

The usage of deep neural networks in safety-critical systems is limited by our ability to guarantee their correct behavior. Runtime monitors are components aiming to identify unsafe predictions and discard them before they can lead to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Joris Guérin , Kevin Delmas , Raul Sena Ferreira , Jérémie Guiochet

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) recently gains growing interests from RL researchers. However, the performance of offline RL suffers from the out-of-distribution problem, which can be corrected by feedback in online RL. Previous offline…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Shuncheng He , Hongchang Zhang , Jianzhun Shao , Yuhang Jiang , Xiangyang Ji

We study the problem of lifelong graph learning in an open-world scenario, where a model needs to deal with new tasks and potentially unknown classes. We utilize Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection methods to recognize new classes and adapt…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Marcel Hoffmann , Lukas Galke , Ansgar Scherp

Out-of-distribution (OOD) learning often relies heavily on statistical approaches or predefined assumptions about OOD data distributions, hindering their efficacy in addressing multifaceted challenges of OOD generalization and OOD detection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Haoyue Bai , Xuefeng Du , Katie Rainey , Shibin Parameswaran , Yixuan Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is indispensable for deploying reliable machine learning systems in real-world scenarios. Recent works, using auxiliary outliers in training, have shown good potential. However, they seldom concern the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Yutian Lei , Luping Ji , Pei Liu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task for deploying machine learning models in the open world. Distance-based methods have demonstrated promise, where testing samples are detected as OOD if they are relatively far away from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Yiyou Sun , Yifei Ming , Xiaojin Zhu , Yixuan Li

As language models become more general purpose, increased attention needs to be paid to detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) instances, i.e., those not belonging to any of the distributions seen during training. Existing methods for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Aryan Gulati , Xingjian Dong , Carlos Hurtado , Sarath Shekkizhar , Swabha Swayamdipta , Antonio Ortega

Effective out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for the safe deployment of machine learning models in real-world scenarios. However, recent work has shown that OOD detection methods are vulnerable to adversarial attacks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Hugo Lyons Keenan , Sarah Erfani , Christopher Leckie