Related papers: Walking on Words
We study the equality problem for infinite words obtained by iterating morphisms. In particular, we give a practical algorithm to decide whether or not two words generated by primitive morphisms are equal.
In this paper we propose an algorithm to generate binary words with no more 0's than 1's having a fixed number of 1's and avoiding the pattern $(10)^j1$ for any fixed $j \geq 1$. We will prove that this generation is exhaustive, that is,…
The investigation of random walks is central to a variety of stochastic processes in physics, chemistry, and biology. To describe a transport phenomenon, we study a variant of the one-dimensional persistent random walk, which we call a…
We investigate the computational power of periodically iterated morphisms, also known as D0L systems with periodic control, PD0L systems for short. These systems give rise to a class of one-sided infinite sequences, called PD0L words. We…
The article provides an explicit algebraic expression for the generating function of walks on graphs. Its proof is based on the scattering theory for the differential Laplace operator on non-compact graphs.
We consider Reinforced Random Walks where transition probabilities are a function of the proportion of times the walk has traversed an edge. We give conditions for recurrence or transience. A phase transition is observed, similar to…
When flipping a fair coin, let $W = L_1L_2...L_N$ with $L_i\in\{H,T\}$ be a binary word of length $N=2$ or $N=3$. In this paper, we establish second- and third-order linear recurrence relations and their generating functions to discuss the…
Word embedding has become ubiquitous and is widely used in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, such as web retrieval, web semantic analysis, and machine translation, and so on. Unfortunately, training the word embedding in a…
We introduce a class of nearest-neighbor integer random walks in random and non-random media, which includes excited random walks considered in the literature. At each site the random walker has a drift to the right, the strength of which…
A {\em square} is a word of the form $uu$. In this paper we prove that for a given finite word $w$, the number of distinct square factors of $w$ is bounded by $|w|-|\Alphabet(w)|+1$, where $|w|$ denotes the length of $w$ and…
In a branching process, the number of particles increases exponentially with time, which makes numerical simulations for large times difficult. In many applications, however, only the region close to the extremal particles is relevant (the…
A reconstruction problem of words from scattered factors asks for the minimal information, like multisets of scattered factors of a given length or the number of occurrences of scattered factors from a given set, necessary to uniquely…
"How to generate a sentence" is the most critical and difficult problem in all the natural language processing technologies. In this paper, we present a new approach to explain the generation process of a sentence from the perspective of…
A finite word $w$ is called \emph{rich} if it contains $\vert w\vert+1$ distinct palindromic factors including the empty word. For every finite rich word $w$ there are distinct nonempty palindromes $w_1, w_2,\dots,w_p$ such that…
For a stationary stochastic process $\{X_n\}$ with values in some set $A$, a finite word $w \in A^K$ is called a memory word if the conditional probability of $X_0$ given the past is constant on the cylinder set defined by $X_{-K}^{-1}=w$.…
The avoidability, or unavoidability of patterns in words over finite alphabets has been studied extensively. A word (pattern) over a finite set is said to be unavoidable if, for all but finitely many words, there exists a morphism mapping…
In this paper we introduce the notion of Random Walk in Changing Environment - a random walk in which each step is performed in a different graph on the same set of vertices, or more generally, a weighted random walk on the same vertex and…
This paper explores two separate questions: Can we perform natural language processing tasks without a lexicon?; and, Should we? Existing natural language processing techniques are either based on words as units or use units such as grams…
Let the root of the word $w$ be the smallest prefix $v$ of $w$ such that $w$ is a prefix of $vvv...$. $per(w)$ is the length of the root of $w$. For any $n\ge5$, an $n$-ary threshold word is a word $w$ such that for any factor (subword) $v$…
We introduce language-driven image generation, the task of generating an image visualizing the semantic contents of a word embedding, e.g., given the word embedding of grasshopper, we generate a natural image of a grasshopper. We implement…