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In recent years, a theoretical understanding has rapidly advanced regarding how popular multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) can optimize many-objective problems. However, the benefits of using crossover in many-objective…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Andre Opris

The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm~II (NSGA-II) is the most popular multi-objective optimization heuristic. Recent mathematical runtime analyses have detected two shortcomings in discrete search spaces, namely, that the NSGA-II has…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Benjamin Doerr , Tudor Ivan , Martin S. Krejca

Very recently, the first mathematical runtime analyses of the multi-objective evolutionary optimizer NSGA-II have been conducted. We continue this line of research with a first runtime analysis of this algorithm on a benchmark problem…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Benjamin Doerr , Zhongdi Qu

NSGA-III is a prominent algorithm in evolutionary many-objective optimization. It is particularly well suited for optimizing problems with more than three objectives, distinguishing it from the classical NSGA-II. However, theoretical…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Andre Opris

This article addresses theory in evolutionary many-objective optimization and focuses on the role of crossover operators. The advantages of using crossover are hardly understood and rigorous runtime analyses with crossover are lagging far…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Andre Opris

The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is the most prominent multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for real-world applications. While it performs evidently well on bi-objective optimization problems, empirical studies…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Simon Wietheger , Benjamin Doerr

NSGA-II and NSGA-III are two of the most popular evolutionary multi-objective algorithms used in practice. While NSGA-II is used for few objectives such as 2 and 3, NSGA-III is designed to deal with a larger number of objectives. In a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Andre Opris , Duc-Cuong Dang , Frank Neumann , Dirk Sudholt

Evolutionary algorithms are popular algorithms for multiobjective optimisation (also called Pareto optimisation) as they use a population to store trade-offs between different objectives. Despite their popularity, the theoretical foundation…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Duc-Cuong Dang , Andre Opris , Dirk Sudholt

Understanding how crossover works is still one of the big challenges in evolutionary computation research, and making our understanding precise and proven by mathematical means might be an even bigger one. As one of few examples where…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-06-22 Benjamin Doerr , Carola Doerr

Runtime analysis has recently been applied to popular evolutionary multi-objective (EMO) algorithms like NSGA-II in order to establish a rigorous theoretical foundation. However, most analyses showed that these algorithms have the same…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Duc-Cuong Dang , Andre Opris , Dirk Sudholt

The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is the most intensively used multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) in real-world applications. However, in contrast to several simple MOEAs analyzed also via mathematical…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Weijie Zheng , Benjamin Doerr

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are widely used for multi-objective optimization due to their population-based nature. Traditional multi-objective EAs (MOEAs) generate a large set of solutions to approximate the Pareto front, leaving a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Tianhao Lu , Chao Bian , Chao Qian

Most evolutionary algorithms (EAs) used in practice employ crossover. In contrast, only for few and mostly artificial examples a runtime advantage from crossover could be proven with mathematical means. The most convincing such result shows…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Benjamin Doerr , Aymen Echarghaoui , Mohammed Jamal , Martin S. Krejca

The NSGA-II is the most prominent multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (cited more than 50,000 times). Very recently, a mathematical runtime analysis has proven that this algorithm can have enormous difficulties when the number of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Benjamin Doerr , Dimitri Korkotashvili , Martin S. Krejca

Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) are among the most widely and successfully applied optimizers for multi-objective problems. However, to store many optimal trade-offs (the Pareto optima) at once, MOEAs are typically run with…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Benjamin Doerr , Martin S. Krejca , Simon Wietheger

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been widely used to solve multi-objective optimization problems, and have become the most popular tool. However, the theoretical foundation of multi-objective EAs (MOEAs), especially the essential…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Chao Bian , Chao Qian

We investigate a family of $(\mu+\lambda)$ Genetic Algorithms (GAs) which creates offspring either from mutation or by recombining two randomly chosen parents. By scaling the crossover probability, we can thus interpolate from a fully…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Furong Ye , Hao Wang , Carola Doerr , Thomas Bäck

The NSGA-II is one of the most prominent algorithms to solve multi-objective optimization problems. Despite numerous successful applications, several studies have shown that the NSGA-II is less effective for larger numbers of objectives. In…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Weijie Zheng , Benjamin Doerr

Together with the NSGA-II, the SPEA2 is one of the most widely used domination-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithms. For both algorithms, the known runtime guarantees are linear in the population size; for the NSGA-II, matching…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Benjamin Doerr , Martin S. Krejca , Milan Stanković

Due to the more complicated population dynamics of the NSGA-II, none of the existing runtime guarantees for this algorithm is accompanied by a non-trivial lower bound. Via a first mathematical understanding of the population dynamics of the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Benjamin Doerr , Zhongdi Qu
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