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The emergence of online services in our daily lives has been accompanied by a range of malicious attempts to trick individuals into performing undesired actions, often to the benefit of the adversary. The most popular medium of these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Lukas Halgas , Ioannis Agrafiotis , Jason R. C. Nurse

Phishing remains a pervasive cyber threat, as attackers craft deceptive emails to lure victims into revealing sensitive information. While Artificial Intelligence (AI), in particular, deep learning, has become a key component in defending…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Fengchao Chen , Tingmin Wu , Van Nguyen , Shuo Wang , Alsharif Abuadbba , Carsten Rudolph

Email phishing is one of the most prevalent and globally consequential vectors of cyber intrusion. As systems increasingly deploy Large Language Models (LLMs) applications, these systems face evolving phishing email threats that exploit…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Najmul Hasan , Prashanth BusiReddyGari , Haitao Zhao , Yihao Ren , Jinsheng Xu , Shaohu Zhang

Large language models(LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on many natural language processing(NLP) tasks and have been employed in phishing email detection research. However, in current studies, well-performing LLMs typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Zijie Lin , Zikang Liu , Hanbo Fan

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has heightened the threat of phishing emails by enabling the generation of highly targeted, personalized, and automated attacks. Traditionally, many phishing emails have been characterized by…

The threat of phishing attacks in financial systems is continuously growing. Therefore, protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access is paramount. This paper discusses the critical need for robust email phishing detection.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Novruz Amirov , Leminur Celik , Egemen Ali Caner , Emre Yurdakul , Fahri Anil Yerlikaya , Serif Bahtiyar

Phishing attacks on enterprise employees present one of the most costly and potent threats to organizations. We explore an understudied facet of enterprise phishing attacks: the email relay infrastructure behind successfully delivered…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Elisa Luo , Liane Young , Grant Ho , M. H. Afifi , Marco Schweighauser , Ethan Katz-Bassett , Asaf Cidon

Phishing attacks are one of the trending cyber attacks that apply socially engineered messages that are communicated to people from professional hackers aiming at fooling users to reveal their sensitive information, the most popular…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-08-09 Adwan Yasin , Abdelmunem Abuhasan

Anomalies in emails such as phishing and spam present major security risks such as the loss of privacy, money, and brand reputation to both individuals and organizations. Previous studies on email anomaly detection relied on a single type…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Craig Beaman , Haruna Isah

Enterprise security is increasingly being threatened by social engineering attacks, such as phishing, which deceive employees into giving access to enterprise data. To protect both the users themselves and enterprise data, more and more…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Mithün Paul , Genevieve Bartlett , Jelena Mirkovic , Marjorie Freedman

Phishing emails are a critical component of the cybercrime kill chain due to their wide reach and low cost. Their ever-evolving nature renders traditional rule-based and feature-engineered detectors ineffective in the ongoing arms race…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Ruofan Liu , Yun Lin , Silas Yeo Shuen Yu , Xiwen Teoh , Zhenkai Liang , Jin Song Dong

The widespread accessibility of the Internet has led to a surge in online fraudulent activities, underscoring the necessity of shielding users' sensitive information from cybercriminals. Phishing, a well-known cyberattack, revolves around…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Aditya Kulkarni , Vivek Balachandran , Dinil Mon Divakaran , Tamal Das

Spam messes up users inbox, consumes resources and spread attacks like DDoS, MiM, phishing etc. Phishing is a byproduct of email and causes financial loss to users and loss of reputation to financial institutions. In this paper we examine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2011-08-09 Cynthia Dhinakaran , Dhinaharan Nagamalai , Jae Kwang Lee

Email phishing remains a prevalent cyber threat, targeting victims to extract sensitive information or deploy malicious software. This paper explores the integration of open-source intelligence (OSINT) tools and machine learning (ML) models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Panharith An , Rana Shafi , Tionge Mughogho , Onyango Allan Onyango

Modern organizations are persistently targeted by phishing emails. Despite advances in detection systems and widespread employee training, attackers continue to innovate, posing ongoing threats. Two emerging vectors stand out in the current…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Marie Weinz , Nicola Zannone , Luca Allodi , Giovanni Apruzzese

Email is a channel of communication which is considered to be a confidential medium of communication for exchange of information among individuals and organisations. The confidentiality consideration about e-mail is no longer the case as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Nmachi Peace Wosah , Thomas Win

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to detect phishing emails is primarily dependent on large-scale centralized datasets, which opens it up to a myriad of privacy, trust, and legal issues. Moreover, organizations are loathed to share…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Chandra Thapa , Jun Wen Tang , Alsharif Abuadbba , Yansong Gao , Seyit Camtepe , Surya Nepal , Mahathir Almashor , Yifeng Zheng

The way we communicate and work has changed significantly with the rise of the Internet. While it has opened up new opportunities, it has also brought about an increase in cyber threats. One common and serious threat is phishing, where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Furkan Çolhak , Mert İlhan Ecevit , Bilal Emir Uçar , Reiner Creutzburg , Hasan Dağ

The email system is the central battleground against phishing and social engineering attacks, and yet email providers still face key challenges to authenticate incoming emails. As a result, attackers can apply spoofing techniques to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-01-04 Hang Hu , Gang Wang

Spear phishing is a complex targeted attack in which, an attacker harvests information about the victim prior to the attack. This information is then used to create sophisticated, genuine-looking attack vectors, drawing the victim to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2014-06-17 Prateek Dewan , Anand Kashyap , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru