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The Transformer is a sequence model that forgoes traditional recurrent architectures in favor of a fully attention-based approach. Besides improving performance, an advantage of using attention is that it can also help to interpret a model…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-06-14 Jesse Vig

Central to the success of Transformers is the attention block, which effectively models global dependencies among input tokens associated to a dataset. However, we theoretically demonstrate that standard attention mechanisms in transformers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Hemanth Saratchandran

We present DocFormer -- a multi-modal transformer based architecture for the task of Visual Document Understanding (VDU). VDU is a challenging problem which aims to understand documents in their varied formats (forms, receipts etc.) and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Srikar Appalaraju , Bhavan Jasani , Bhargava Urala Kota , Yusheng Xie , R. Manmatha

In this paper, we focus on a new practical task, document-scale text content manipulation, which is the opposite of text style transfer and aims to preserve text styles while altering the content. In detail, the input is a set of structured…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Xiaocheng Feng , Yawei Sun , Bing Qin , Heng Gong , Yibo Sun , Wei Bi , Xiaojiang Liu , Ting Liu

Transformers have emerged as the architecture of choice for many state-of-the-art AI models, showcasing exceptional performance across a wide range of AI applications. However, the memory demands imposed by Transformers limit their ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Hao Liu , Matei Zaharia , Pieter Abbeel

In recent years, the use of multi-modal pre-trained Transformers has led to significant advancements in visually-rich document understanding. However, existing models have mainly focused on features such as text and vision while neglecting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Qiwei Li , Zuchao Li , Xiantao Cai , Bo Du , Hai Zhao

The Transformer architecture is widely deployed in many popular and impactful Large Language Models. At its core is the attention mechanism for calculating correlations between pairs of tokens. Performing an attention computation takes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Josh Alman , Hantao Yu

Language and vision-language models have shown impressive performance across a wide range of tasks, but their internal mechanisms remain only partly understood. In this work, we study how individual attention heads in text-generative models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Lorenzo Basile , Valentino Maiorca , Diego Doimo , Francesco Locatello , Alberto Cazzaniga

This work involves the usage of various NLP models to predict the winner of a particular judgment by the means of text extraction and summarization from a judgment document. These documents are useful when it comes to legal proceedings. One…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Stanley Kingston , Prassanth , Shrinivas A , Balamurugan MS , Manoj Kumar Rajagopal

Document-level machine translation leverages inter-sentence dependencies to produce more coherent and consistent translations. However, these models, predominantly based on transformers, are difficult to scale to long documents as their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Zhaofeng Wu , Hao Peng , Nikolaos Pappas , Noah A. Smith

Our objective is language-based search of large-scale image and video datasets. For this task, the approach that consists of independently mapping text and vision to a joint embedding space, a.k.a. dual encoders, is attractive as retrieval…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Antoine Miech , Jean-Baptiste Alayrac , Ivan Laptev , Josef Sivic , Andrew Zisserman

Understanding the expressive power of transformers has recently attracted attention, as it offers insights into their abilities and limitations. Many studies analyze unique hard attention transformers, where attention selects a single…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Selim Jerad , Anej Svete , Jiaoda Li , Ryan Cotterell

Transformers have revolutionized deep learning in numerous fields, including natural language processing, computer vision, and audio processing. Their strength lies in their attention mechanism, which allows for the discovering of complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Uladzislau Yorsh , Martin Holeňa , Ondřej Bojar , David Herel

The role of conversational assistants has become more prevalent in helping people increase their productivity. Document-centered assistance, for example to help an individual quickly review a document, has seen less significant progress,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-04 Maartje ter Hoeve , Robert Sim , Elnaz Nouri , Adam Fourney , Maarten de Rijke , Ryen W. White

Multi-layer models with multiple attention heads per layer provide superior translation quality compared to simpler and shallower models, but determining what source context is most relevant to each target word is more challenging as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-01 Thomas Zenkel , Joern Wuebker , John DeNero

Transformers have dominated sequence processing tasks for the past seven years -- most notably language modeling. However, the inherent quadratic complexity of their attention mechanism remains a significant bottleneck as context length…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Alexander M. Fichtl , Jeremias Bohn , Josefin Kelber , Edoardo Mosca , Georg Groh

Transformers are not suited for processing long documents, due to their quadratically increasing memory and time consumption. Simply truncating a long document or applying the sparse attention mechanism will incur the context fragmentation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Siyu Ding , Junyuan Shang , Shuohuan Wang , Yu Sun , Hao Tian , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang

Enterprise documents such as forms, invoices, receipts, reports, contracts, and other similar records, often carry rich semantics at the intersection of textual and spatial modalities. The visual cues offered by their complex layouts play a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Dongsheng Wang , Natraj Raman , Mathieu Sibue , Zhiqiang Ma , Petr Babkin , Simerjot Kaur , Yulong Pei , Armineh Nourbakhsh , Xiaomo Liu

While the Self-Attention mechanism in the Transformer model has proven to be effective in many domains, we observe that it is less effective in more diverse settings (e.g. multimodality) due to the varying granularity of each token and the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Wayner Barrios , SouYoung Jin

Recent advancements in deep learning techniques have transformed the area of semantic text matching. However, most state-of-the-art models are designed to operate with short documents such as tweets, user reviews, comments, etc. These…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Akshita Jha , Vineeth Rakesh , Jaideep Chandrashekar , Adithya Samavedhi , Chandan K. Reddy
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