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We consider three types of entities for quantum measurements. In order of generality, these types are: observables, instruments and measurement models. If $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are entities, we define what it means for $\alpha$ to be a part…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-01 Stan Gudder

This is the second of two works concerning the Sobolev calculus on metric measure spaces and its applications. In this work, we focus on several approaches to vector calculus in the non-smooth setting of complete and separable metric spaces…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-15 Luigi Ambrosio , Toni Ikonen , Danka Lučić , Enrico Pasqualetto

Effect systems are lightweight extensions to type systems that can verify a wide range of important properties with modest developer burden. But our general understanding of effect systems is limited primarily to systems where the order of…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Colin S. Gordon

We define a class of discrete operators acting on infinite, finite or periodic sequences mimicking the standard properties of pseudo-differential operators. In particular we can define the notion of order and regularity, and we recover the…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2021-10-01 Erwan Faou , Benoît Grébert

The notion coexistence of quantum observables was introduced to describe the possibility of measuring two or more observables together. Here we survey the various different formalisations of this notion and their connections. We review…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-01-04 P. Busch , J. Kiukas , P. Lahti

Finite Euler product is known to be one of the classical zeta functions in number theory. In [1], [2] and [3], we have introduced some multivariable zeta functions and studied their definable probability distributions on R^d. They include…

Probability · Mathematics 2012-04-19 Takahiro Aoyama , Takashi Nakamura

We study infinite products of reproducing kernels with view to their use in dynamics (of iterated function systems), in harmonic analysis, and in stochastic processes. On the way, we construct a new family of representations of the Cuntz…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2013-01-22 D. Alpay , P. Jorgensen , I. Lewkowicz , I. Martziano

We study the asymptotic behavior of the counting function of tensor products of operators, in the cases where the factors are either pseudodifferential operators on closed manifolds, or pseudodifferential operators of Shubin type on…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2016-05-17 U. Battisti , M. Borsero , S. Coriasco

A joint characterisation of the controllability and observability of a particular kind of discrete system has been developed. The key idea of the procedure can be reduced to a correct choice of the sampling sequence. This freedom, owing to…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2010-06-14 Amparo Fúster-Sabater , J. M. Guillén

We propose a test for the identification of causal effects in mediation and dynamic treatment models that is based on two sets of observed variables, namely covariates to be controlled for and suspected instruments, building on the test by…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-06-21 Martin Huber , Kevin Kloiber , Lukas Laffers

We study a family of fractional integral operator defined on an homogeneous space with a "rectangle doubling" measure. As a result, we give an extension of the classical Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev theorem to a multi-parameter setting.

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2022-02-23 Zipeng Wang

Measuring instruments, especially ones that observe continually over time, have a reality to them that is independent of the states that stimulate their senses. This is the Principle of Instrument Autonomy. Although the mathematical concept…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-28 Christopher S. Jackson

With a view to quantum foundations, we define the concepts of an empirical model (a probabilistic model describing measurements and outcomes), a hidden-variable model (an empirical model augmented by unobserved variables), and various…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-01-16 Adam Brandenburger , H. Jerome Keisler

This paper proposes a novel approach for designing functional observers for nonlinear systems, with linear error dynamics and assignable poles. Sufficient conditions for functional observability are first derived, leading to functional…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-03 Costas Kravaris

In this paper, we shall consider the notion of bicomplex inner product and define bicomplex Hilbert space. We shall define $L^{2}[a,b]$ where the functions take bicomplex values. We shall prove the Theorem for a bounded self adjoint…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2024-02-27 Akshay Sakharam Rane

Notion of an open system of second order is introduced. Characteristic function for such an open system is obtained. Model representations of a quadratic non-self-adjoint operator pencil are found.

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2022-04-27 Vladimir A. Zolotarev

We introduce the key concepts of duality mappings and metric extensor. The fundamental identities involving the duality mappings are presented, and we disclose the logical equivalence between the so-called metric tensor and the metric…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2012-09-19 Antonio Manuel Moya

This note aims to investigate the tensor product of two given Hilbert quasi *-algebras and its properties. The construction proposed in this note turns out to be again a Hilbert quasi *-algebra, thus interesting representability properties…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2020-02-20 Maria Stella Adamo

We consider a class of systems over finite alphabets with linear internal dynamics, finite-valued control inputs and finitely quantized outputs. We motivate the need for a new notion of observability and propose three new notions of output…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-07-13 Donglei Fan , Danielle C. Tarraf

In this third paper in a series on type I Howe duality for finite fields, we give a complete description of the restriction of the oscillator representation over a finite field to products of dual pairs of symplectic and orthogonal groups…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2026-04-14 Sophie Kriz