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Imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) detect gamma rays by measuring the Cherenkov light emitted by secondary particles in the air shower when the gamma rays hit the atmosphere. At low energies, the limited amount of Cherenkov…

With more than 150 blank sky observations at high Galactic latitude, we make a systematic study to the background of the Low Energy Telescope (LE) of the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (dubbed as Insight-HXMT). Both the on-ground…

Proposed dark matter detectors with eV-scale sensitivities will detect a large background of atomic (nuclear) recoils from coherent photon scattering. This background climbs steeply below $\sim10$~eVnr, far exceeding the declining rate of…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2017-04-05 Alan E. Robinson

The dominant background for observations of gamma-rays in the energy region above 50 GeV with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes are cosmic-ray events. The images of most of the cosmic ray showers look significantly different from…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-06-23 Gernot Maier , Johannes Knapp

Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) are widely used as tracking detectors in many high-energy physics experiments. It has been observed that low-resistive bakelite RPC prototypes frequently exhibit a secondary hit component, appearing as a long…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-05-14 Souvik Chattopadhay , Zubayer Ahammed

Current data-driven approaches for X-ray prohibited items detection remain under-explored, particularly in the design of effective data augmentations. Existing natural image augmentations for reflected light imaging neglect the data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Weizhe Liu , Renshuai Tao , Hongguang Zhu , Yunda Sun , Yao Zhao , Yunchao Wei

This paper presents a systematic literature review focusing on the application of machine learning techniques for deriving observational constraints in cosmology. The goal is to evaluate and synthesize existing research to identify…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-14 Luis Rojas , Sebastián Espinoza , Esteban González , Carlos Maldonado , Fei Luo

Ground-based gamma-ray astronomy is a powerful tool to study cosmic-ray physics, providing a diagnostic of the high-energy processes at work in the most extreme astrophysical accelerators of the universe. Ground-based gamma-ray detectors…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-07-07 Ulisses Barres de Almeida , Martin Tluczykont

The Large Observatory For X-ray Timing (LOFT) is an innovative medium-class mission selected for an assessment phase in the framework of the ESA M3 Cosmic Vision call. LOFT is intended to answer fundamental questions about the behaviour of…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-11 R. Campana , M. Feroci , E. Del Monte , S. Brandt , C. Budtz-Jørgensen , N. Lund , J. Alvarez , M. Hernanz , E. Perinati

The popularity of Machine Learning (ML) has been increasing in the last decades in almost every area, being the commercial and scientific fields the most notorious ones. Concerning particle physics, ML has been proved as a useful resource…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2021-12-17 Xabier Cid Vidal , Lorena Dieste Maroñas , Álvaro Dósil Suárez

Micromegas detectors, thanks to the good spatial and temporal discrimination capabilities, are good candidates for rare event search experiments. Recent X-ray background levels achieved by these detectors in the CAST experiment have…

Focal plane X-ray polarimetry is intended for relatively bright sources with a negligible impact of background. However this might not be always possible for IXPE (Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer) when observing faint extended sources…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2021-02-23 Fei Xie , Riccardo Ferrazzoli , Paolo Soffitta , Sergio Fabiani , Enrico Costa , Fabio Muleri , Alessandro Di Marco

Cosmic-ray scatterings on the cosmic neutrino background induce a flux of gamma-rays and X-rays from boosted meson decays and charged lepton processes. Here we present the first estimate of this flux and its cumulative cosmological…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-02-25 Gonzalo Herrera , Abraham Loeb

Accurate and fast extraction of foreground object is a key prerequisite for a wide range of computer vision applications such as object tracking and recognition. Thus, enormous background subtraction methods for foreground object detection…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-05-01 Dongdong Zeng , Ming Zhu , Arjan Kuijper

We investigate enhancing the sensitivity of new physics searches at the LHC by machine learning in the case of background dominance and a high degree of overlap between the observables for signal and background. We use two different models,…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-07-10 Daniel Alvestad , Nikolai Fomin , Jörn Kersten , Steffen Maeland , Inga Strümke

Xenon dual-phase time projections chambers (TPCs) have proven to be a successful technology in studying physical phenomena that require low-background conditions. With 40t of liquid xenon (LXe) in the TPC baseline design, DARWIN will have a…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2024-07-26 M. Adrover , L. Althueser , B. Andrieu , E. Angelino , J. R. Angevaare , B. Antunovic , E. Aprile , M. Babicz , D. Bajpai , E. Barberio , L. Baudis , M. Bazyk , N. Bell , L. Bellagamba , R. Biondi , Y. Biondi , A. Bismark , C. Boehm , A. Breskin , E. J. Brookes , A. Brown , G. Bruno , R. Budnik , C. Capelli , J. M. R. Cardoso , A. Chauvin , A. P. Cimental Chavez , A. P. Colijn , J. Conrad , J. J. Cuenca-García , V. D'Andrea , M. P. Decowski , A. Deisting , P. Di Gangi , S. Diglio , M. Doerenkamp , G. Drexlin , K. Eitel , A. Elykov , R. Engel , S. Farrell , A. D. Ferella , C. Ferrari , H. Fischer , M. Flierman , W. Fulgione , P. Gaemers , R. Gaior , M. Galloway , N. Garroum , S. Ghosh , F. Girard , R. Glade-Beucke , F. Glück , L. Grandi , J. Grigat , R. Größle , H. Guan , M. Guida , R. Hammann , V. Hannen , S. Hansmann-Menzemer , N. Hargittai , T. Hasegawa , C. Hils , A. Higuera , K. Hiraoka , L. Hoetzsch , M. Iacovacci , Y. Itow , J. Jakob , F. Jörg , M. Kara , P. Kavrigin , S. Kazama , M. Keller , B. Kilminster , M. Kleifges , M. Kobayashi , A. Kopec , B. von Krosigk , F. Kuger , H. Landsman , R. F. Lang , I. Li , S. Li , S. Liang , S. Lindemann , M. Lindner , F. Lombardi , J. Loizeau , T. Luce , Y. Ma , C. Macolino , J. Mahlstedt , A. Mancuso , T. Marrodán Undagoitia , J. A. M. Lopes , F. Marignetti , K. Martens , J. Masbou , S. Mastroianni , S. Milutinovic , K. Miuchi , R. Miyata , A. Molinario , C. M. B. Monteiro , K. Morå , E. Morteau , Y. Mosbacher , J. Müller , M. Murra , J. L. Newstead , K. Ni , U. G. Oberlack , I. Ostrovskiy , B. Paetsch , M. Pandurovic , Q. Pellegrini , R. Peres , J. Pienaar , M. Pierre , M. Piotter , G. Plante , T. R. Pollmann , L. Principe , J. Qi , J. Qin , M. Rajado Silva , D. Ramírez García , A. Razeto , S. Sakamoto , L. Sanchez , P. Sanchez-Lucas , J. M. F. dos Santos , G. Sartorelli , A. Scaffidi , P. Schulte , H. -C. Schultz-Coulon , H. Schulze Eißing , M. Schumann , L. Scotto Lavina , M. Selvi , F. Semeria , P. Shagin , S. Sharma , W. Shen , M. Silva , H. Simgen , R. Singh , M. Solmaz , O. Stanley , M. Steidl , P. L. Tan , A. Terliuk , D. Thers , T. Thümmler , F. Tönnies , F. Toschi , G. Trinchero , R. Trotta , C. Tunnell , P. Urquijo , K. Valerius , S. Vecchi , S. Vetter , G. Volta , D. Vorkapic , W. Wang , K. M. Weerman , C. Weinheimer , M. Weiss , D. Wenz , C. Wittweg , J. Wolf , T. Wolf , V. H. S. Wu , M. Wurm , Y. Xing , M. Yamashita , J. Ye , G. Zavattini , K. Zuber

We will briefly discuss the importance of sensitive X-ray observations above a few tens of keV for a better understanding of the physical mechanisms associated to the Supermassive Black Hole primary emission in both radio quiet and radio…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Andrea Comastri , Roberto Gilli , Guenther Hasinger

X-ray observatories contribute fundamental advances in Solar System studies by probing Sun-object interactions, developing planet and satellite surface composition maps, probing global magnetospheric dynamics, and tracking astrochemical…

Computer vision applications based on videos often require the detection of moving objects in their first step. Background subtraction is then applied in order to separate the background and the foreground. In literature, background…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-01-14 T. Bouwmans , B. Garcia-Garcia

Cherenkov detectors have been used in space missions for many decades, and for a variety of purposes, including for example, for Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) and Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) measurements. Cherenkov detectors are sensitive to…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-03-20 Christopher S. W. Davis , Fan Lei , Keith Ryden , Clive Dyer , Giovanni Santin , Piers Jiggens , Melanie Heil