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Handwriting text recognition (HTR) remains a challenging task. Existing approaches require fine-tuning on labeled data, which is impractical to obtain for real-world problems, or rely on zero-shot tools such as OCR engines and multi-modal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Benjamin Gutteridge , Matthew Thomas Jackson , Toni Kukurin , Xiaowen Dong

Digitized archives contain and preserve the knowledge of generations of scholars in millions of documents. The size of these archives calls for automatic analysis since a manual analysis by specialists is often too expensive. In this paper,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Christian Bartz , Hendrik Rätz , Christoph Meinel

Despite recent significant advancements in Handwritten Document Recognition (HDR), the efficient and accurate recognition of text against complex backgrounds, diverse handwriting styles, and varying document layouts remains a practical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Wenhao Gu , Li Gu , Ziqiang Wang , Ching Yee Suen , Yang Wang

We introduce a general detection-based approach to text line recognition, be it printed (OCR) or handwritten (HTR), with Latin, Chinese, or ciphered characters. Detection-based approaches have until now been largely discarded for HTR…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Raphael Baena , Syrine Kalleli , Mathieu Aubry

The evaluation of Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) models during their development is straightforward: because HTR is a supervised problem, the usual data split into training, validation, and test data sets allows the evaluation of models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Phillip Benjamin Ströbel , Simon Clematide , Martin Volk , Raphael Schwitter , Tobias Hodel , David Schoch

The evaluation of Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) systems has traditionally used metrics based on the edit distance between HTR and ground truth (GT) transcripts, at both the character and word levels. This is very adequate when the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Enrique Vidal , Alejandro H. Toselli , Antonio Ríos-Vila , Jorge Calvo-Zaragoza

Text recognition remains a fundamental and extensively researched topic in computer vision, largely owing to its wide array of commercial applications. The challenging nature of the very problem however dictated a fragmentation of research…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Ayan Kumar Bhunia , Aneeshan Sain , Pinaki Nath Chowdhury , Yi-Zhe Song

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in text generation and knowledge-intensive question answering. Nevertheless, they are prone to producing hallucinated content, which severely undermines their reliability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Shize Liang , Hongzhi Wang

The primary challenge for handwriting recognition systems lies in managing long-range contextual dependencies, an issue that traditional models often struggle with. To mitigate it, attention mechanisms have recently been employed to enhance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Sara Ferro , Alessandro Torcinovich , Arianna Traviglia , Marcello Pelillo

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable versatility across a wide range of natural language processing tasks and domains. One such task is Named Entity Recognition (NER), which involves identifying and classifying proper…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Shibingfeng Zhang , Giovanni Colavizza

We present the Manuscripts of Handwritten Arabic~(Muharaf) dataset, which is a machine learning dataset consisting of more than 1,600 historic handwritten page images transcribed by experts in archival Arabic. Each document image is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Mehreen Saeed , Adrian Chan , Anupam Mijar , Joseph Moukarzel , Georges Habchi , Carlos Younes , Amin Elias , Chau-Wai Wong , Akram Khater

Forensic handwriting examination is a branch of Forensic Science that aims to examine handwritten documents in order to properly define or hypothesize the manuscript's author. These analysis involves comparing two or more (digitized)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Eleonora Breci , Luca Guarnera , Sebastiano Battiato

Handwritten Text Recognition remains challenging due to the limited data, high writing style variance, and scripts with complex diacritics. Existing approaches, though partially address these issues, often struggle to generalize without…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Pham Thach Thanh Truc , Dang Hoai Nam , Huynh Tong Dang Khoa , Vo Nguyen Le Duy

The handwritten text recognition problem is widely studied by the researchers of computer vision community due to its scope of improvement and applicability to daily lives, It is a sub-domain of pattern recognition. Due to advancement of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Lalita Kumari , Sukhdeep Singh , VVS Rathore , Anuj Sharma

Text line detection is crucial for any application associated with Automatic Text Recognition or Keyword Spotting. Modern algorithms perform good on well-established datasets since they either comprise clean data or simple/homogeneous page…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-12-12 Tobias Grüning , Roger Labahn , Markus Diem , Florian Kleber , Stefan Fiel

Handwritten character recognition (HCR) is a challenging problem for machine learning researchers. Unlike printed text data, handwritten character datasets have more variation due to human-introduced bias. With numerous unique character…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Boris Kriuk , Fedor Kriuk

The Handwritten Text Recognition problem has been a challenge for researchers for the last few decades, especially in the domain of computer vision, a subdomain of pattern recognition. Variability of texts amongst writers, cursiveness, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Lalita Kumari , Sukhdeep Singh , Vaibhav Varish Singh Rathore , Anuj Sharma

Large foundation models have achieved significant performance gains through scalable training on massive datasets. However, the field of \textbf{H}andwritten \textbf{M}athematical \textbf{E}xpression \textbf{R}ecognition (HMER) has been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Haoyang Li , Jiaqing Li , Jialun Cao , Zongyuan Yang , Yongping Xiong

The evaluation of generative models for natural image tasks has been extensively studied. Similar protocols and metrics are used in cases with unique particularities, such as Handwriting Generation, even if they might not be completely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Konstantina Nikolaidou , George Retsinas , Giorgos Sfikas , Marcus Liwicki

Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) is crucial for document digitization, but handwritten data can contain user-identifiable features, like unique writing styles, posing privacy risks. Regulations such as the ``right to be forgotten''…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Lei Kang , Xuanshuo Fu , Lluis Gomez , Alicia Fornés , Ernest Valveny , Dimosthenis Karatzas