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While there was great progress regarding the technology and its implementation for vehicles equipped with automated driving systems (ADS), the problem of how to proof their safety as a necessary precondition prior to market launch remains…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Nico Weber , Christoph Thiem , Ulrich Konigorski

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Automated Driving Systems (ADS) are expected to improve comfort, productivity and, most importantly, safety for all road users. To ensure that the systems are safe, rules and regulations…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-18 Pierluigi Olleja , Gustav Markkula , Jonas Bärgman

Given the rapid advance in ITS technologies, future mobility is pointing to vehicular autonomy. However, there is still a long way before full automation, and human intervention is required. This work sheds light on understanding human…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Zheng Xu

Roadside perception systems are increasingly crucial in enhancing traffic safety and facilitating cooperative driving for autonomous vehicles. Despite rapid technological advancements, a major challenge persists for this newly arising…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Rusheng Zhang , Depu Meng , Shengyin Shen , Tinghan Wang , Tai Karir , Michael Maile , Henry X. Liu

The adoption of self-driving cars will certainly revolutionize our lives, even though they may take more time to become fully autonomous than initially predicted. The first vehicles are already present in certain cities of the world, as…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Carlos Crispim-Junior , Romain Guesdon , Christophe Jallais , Florent Laroche , Stephanie Souche-Le Corvec , Laure Tougne Rodet

Autonomous driving systems (ADS) are increasingly deployed in real traffic, yet testing remains fundamentally challenging due to open environments, complex scenarios, and the lack of established processes and metrics. Despite extensive…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Qunying Song , Ali Nouri , Håkan Sivencrona , Federica Sarro

Simulation-based testing is a cornerstone of Autonomous Driving System (ADS) development, offering safe and scalable evaluation across diverse driving scenarios. However, discrepancies between simulated and real-world behavior, known as the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Stefano Carlo Lambertenghi , Mirena Flores Valdez , Andrea Stocco

Computer Vision, either alone or combined with other technologies such as radar or Lidar, is one of the key technologies used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). Its role understanding and analysing the driving scene is of great…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-04-29 Gorka Velez , Oihana Otaegui

There are two critical sensors for 3D perception in autonomous driving, the camera and the LiDAR. The camera provides rich semantic information such as color, texture, and the LiDAR reflects the 3D shape and locations of surrounding…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Kaicheng Yu , Tang Tao , Hongwei Xie , Zhiwei Lin , Zhongwei Wu , Zhongyu Xia , Tingting Liang , Haiyang Sun , Jiong Deng , Dayang Hao , Yongtao Wang , Xiaodan Liang , Bing Wang

Intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) and other smart-city technologies are increasingly advancing in capability and complexity. While simulation environments continue to improve, their fidelity and ease of use can quickly degrade as…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-07-31 Adam Morrissett , Roja Eini , Mostafa Zaman , Nasibeh Zohrabi , Sherif Abdelwahed

The rapid adoption of micromobility solutions, particularly two-wheeled vehicles like e-scooters and e-bikes, has created an urgent need for reliable autonomous riding (AR) technologies. While autonomous driving (AD) systems have matured…

We present a practical verification method for safety analysis of the autonomous driving system (ADS). The main idea is to build a surrogate model that quantitatively depicts the behaviour of an ADS in the specified traffic scenario. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Renjue Li , Tianhang Qin , Pengfei Yang , Cheng-Chao Huang , Youcheng Sun , Lijun Zhang

This comprehensive literature review explores the potential of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality technologies to enhance the design and testing of autonomous vehicles. By analyzing existing research, the review aims to identify how AR…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Emanuella Ejichukwu , Lauren Tong , Gadir Hazime , Bochen Jia

Understanding human driving behavior is crucial to develop autonomous vehicles' algorithms. However, most low level automation, such as the one in advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS), is based on objective safety measures, which are…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Enrico Del Re , Cristina Olaverri-Monreal

Automated Driving Systems (ADSs) are being manufactured at an accelerated rate, leading to improvements in traffic safety, reduced energy consumption, pollution, and congestion. ADS relies on various data streams from onboard sensors,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-27 André Budel , Reem Alhabib , Mark Nicholson , Poonam Yadav

In autonomous driving, perception systems are piv otal as they interpret sensory data to understand the envi ronment, which is essential for decision-making and planning. Ensuring the safety of these perception systems is fundamental for…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Urvishkumar Bharti , Vikram Shahapur

Autonomous driving systems continue to face safety-critical failures, often triggered by rare and unpredictable corner cases that evade conventional testing. We present the Autonomous Driving Digital Twin (ADDT) framework, a high-fidelity…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Bo Yu , Chaoran Yuan , Zishen Wan , Jie Tang , Fadi Kurdahi , Shaoshan Liu

Pedestrians' safety is a crucial factor in assessing autonomous driving scenarios. However, pedestrian safety evaluation is rarely considered by existing autonomous driving simulation platforms. This paper proposes a pedestrian safety…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Lin Ma , Longrui Chen , Yan Zhang , Mengdi Chu , Wenjie Jiang , Jiahao Shen , Chuxuan Li , Yifeng Shi , Nairui Luo , Jirui Yuan , Guyue Zhou , Jiangtao Gong

The safety of single-vehicle autonomous driving technology is limited due to the limits of perception capability of on-board sensors. In contrast, vehicle-road collaboration technology can overcome those limits and improve the traffic…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-08-16 D. Wu

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) use natural images and videos as input to understand the real world by overlaying and inferring digital elements, facilitating proactive detection in an effort to assure safety. A crucial aspect of this process is…