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Malicious emails including Phishing, Spam, and Scam are one significant class of cyber social engineering attacks. Despite numerous defenses to counter them, the problem remains largely open. The ineffectiveness of current defenses can be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Theodore Longtchi , Rosana Montañez Rodriguez , Kora Gwartney , Ekzhin Ear , David P. Azari , Christopher P. Kelley , Shouhuai Xu

Phishing constitutes more than 90\% of successful cyberattacks globally, remaining one of the most persistent threats to organizational security. Despite organizations tripling their cybersecurity budgets between 2015 and 2025, the human…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Rebeka Toth , Richard A. Dubniczky , Olga Limonova , Norbert Tihanyi

Cyber-phishing attacks recently became more precise, targeted, and tailored by training data to activate only in the presence of specific information or cues. They are adaptable to a much greater extent than traditional phishing detection.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Amir Kashapov , Tingmin Wu , Alsharif Abuadbba , Carsten Rudolph

Despite sophisticated phishing email detection systems, and training and awareness programs, humans continue to be tricked by phishing emails. In an attempt to better understand why phishing email attacks still work and how best to mitigate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Asangi Jayatilaka , Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage , Muhammad Ali Babar

The proliferation of phishing sites and emails poses significant challenges to existing cybersecurity efforts. Despite advances in malicious email filters and email security protocols, problems with oversight and false positives persist.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Takashi Koide , Naoki Fukushi , Hiroki Nakano , Daiki Chiba

Phishing attacks on enterprise employees present one of the most costly and potent threats to organizations. We explore an understudied facet of enterprise phishing attacks: the email relay infrastructure behind successfully delivered…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Elisa Luo , Liane Young , Grant Ho , M. H. Afifi , Marco Schweighauser , Ethan Katz-Bassett , Asaf Cidon

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to detect phishing emails is primarily dependent on large-scale centralized datasets, which opens it up to a myriad of privacy, trust, and legal issues. Moreover, organizations are loathed to share…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Chandra Thapa , Jun Wen Tang , Alsharif Abuadbba , Yansong Gao , Seyit Camtepe , Surya Nepal , Mahathir Almashor , Yifeng Zheng

Phishing is a form of cybercrime and a threat that allows criminals, phishers, to deceive end users in order to steal their confidential and sensitive information. Attackers usually attempt to manipulate the psychology and emotions of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Mousa Jari

Users are the last line of defense as phishing emails pass filter mechanisms. At the same time, phishing emails are designed so that they are challenging to identify by users. To this end, attackers employ techniques, such as eliciting…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Yasmeen Abdrabou , Felix Dietz , Ahmed Shams , Pascal Knierim , Yomna Abdelrahman , Ken Pfeuffer , Mariam Hassib , Florian Alt

Targeted phishing emails are on the rise and facilitate the theft of billions of dollars from organizations a year. While malicious signals from attached files or malicious URLs in emails can be detected by conventional malware signatures…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Younghoo Lee , Joshua Saxe , Richard Harang

With the booming popularity of smartphones, threats related to these devices are increasingly on the rise. Smishing, a combination of SMS (Short Message Service) and phishing has emerged as a treacherous cyber threat used by malicious…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Daniel Timko , Daniel Hernandez Castillo , Muhammad Lutfor Rahman

Spear phishing is a complex targeted attack in which, an attacker harvests information about the victim prior to the attack. This information is then used to create sophisticated, genuine-looking attack vectors, drawing the victim to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2014-06-17 Prateek Dewan , Anand Kashyap , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

With the generalization of mobile communication systems, solicitations of all kinds in the form of messages and emails are received by users with increasing proportion of malicious ones. They are customized to pass anti-spam filters and ask…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-06-30 P-Y. Cousin , V. Bernard , A. Lefaillet , M. Mugaruka , C. Raibaud

Phishing remains a critical cybersecurity threat, especially with the advent of large language models (LLMs) capable of generating highly convincing malicious content. Unlike earlier phishing attempts which are identifiable by grammatical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Deeksha Hareesha Kulal , Chidozie Princewill Arannonu , Afsah Anwar , Nidhi Rastogi , Quamar Niyaz

Enterprise security is increasingly being threatened by social engineering attacks, such as phishing, which deceive employees into giving access to enterprise data. To protect both the users themselves and enterprise data, more and more…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Mithün Paul , Genevieve Bartlett , Jelena Mirkovic , Marjorie Freedman

Phishing attacks are prevalent and humans are central to this online identity theft attack, which aims to steal victims' sensitive and personal information such as username, password, and online banking details. There are many anti-phishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-26 Gitanjali Baral , Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage

The problem of detecting phishing emails through machine learning techniques has been discussed extensively in the literature. Conventional and state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms have demonstrated the possibility of building…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Luis Felipe Gutiérrez , Faranak Abri , Miriam Armstrong , Akbar Siami Namin , Keith S. Jones

The way we communicate and work has changed significantly with the rise of the Internet. While it has opened up new opportunities, it has also brought about an increase in cyber threats. One common and serious threat is phishing, where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Furkan Çolhak , Mert İlhan Ecevit , Bilal Emir Uçar , Reiner Creutzburg , Hasan Dağ

Attacks exploiting the innate and the acquired vulnerabilities of human users have posed severe threats to cybersecurity. This work proposes ADVERT, a human-technical solution that generates adaptive visual aids in real-time to prevent…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Linan Huang , Shumeng Jia , Emily Balcetis , Quanyan Zhu

Phishing is a common online weapon, used against users, by Phishers for acquiring a confidential information through deception. Since the inception of internet, nearly everything, ranging from money transaction to sharing information, is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-12-11 Anugrah Kumar , Sanjiban Shekar Roy , Sarvesh SS Rawat , Sanklan Saxena