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The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) with microscopic traffic simulation offers a promising path toward autonomous urban planning and intelligent transportation analysis. However, existing monolithic agent architectures often…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Shuyang Li , Ruimin Ke

Increasing the implemented SAE level of autonomy in road vehicles requires extensive simulations and verifications in a realistic simulation environment before proving ground and public road testing. The level of detail in the simulation…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Mustafa Ridvan Cantas , Levent Guvenc

Control systems on unmanned vehicles are safety-critical systems whose requirements on reliability and safety are ever-increasing. Currently, testing a complex autonomous control system is an expensive and time-consuming process, which…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-08 Xunhua Dai , Chenxu Ke , Quan Quan , Kai-Yuan Cai

Autonomous Vehicles (AV)'s wide-scale deployment appears imminent despite many safety challenges yet to be resolved. The modern autonomous vehicles will undoubtedly include machine learning and probabilistic techniques that add significant…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Dhanoop Karunakaran , Julie Stephany Berrio , Stewart Worrall , Eduardo Nebot

Verifying highly automated driving functions can be challenging, requiring identifying relevant test scenarios. Scenario-based testing will likely play a significant role in verifying these systems, predominantly occurring within…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Maximilian Zipfl , Barbara Schütt , J. Marius Zöllner

Ensuring realistic traffic dynamics is a prerequisite for simulation platforms to evaluate the reliability of self-driving systems before deployment in the real world. Because most road users are human drivers, reproducing their diverse…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Wendi Li , Hao Wu , Han Gao , Bing Mao , Fengyuan Xu , Sheng Zhong

Reliable testing of autonomous driving systems requires simulation environments that combine large-scale traffic modeling with realistic 3D perception and terrain. Existing tools rarely capture real-world elevation, limiting their…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Chandra Raskoti , Weizi Li

Simulation is an integral part in the process of developing autonomous vehicles and advantageous for training, validation, and verification of driving functions. Even though simulations come with a series of benefits compared to real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Ferdinand Mütsch , Helen Gremmelmaier , Nicolas Becker , Daniel Bogdoll , Marc René Zofka , J. Marius Zöllner

Significant challenges are posed by simulation and testing in the field of low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) traffic due to the high costs associated with large-scale UAV testing and the complexity of establishing low-altitude…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Zonghan Li , Tianwen Tao , Rao Fu , Liang Wang , Dongyuan Zhang , Quan Quan

The scope of automotive functions has grown from a single-vehicle as an entity to multiple vehicles working together as an entity, referred to as cooperative driving. The current automotive safety standard, ISO 26262, is designed for single…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Sangeeth Kochanthara , Niels Rood , Arash Khabbaz Saberi , Loek Cleophas , Yanja Dajsuren , Mark van den Brand

Current validation methods often rely on recorded data and basic functional checks, which may not be sufficient to encompass the scenarios an autonomous vehicle might encounter. In addition, there is a growing need for complex scenarios…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Marc Kaufeld , Rainer Trauth , Johannes Betz

Simulation-based testing has emerged as an essential tool for verifying and validating autonomous vehicles (AVs). However, contemporary methodologies, such as deterministic and imitation learning-based driver models, struggle to capture the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Cheng Wang , Lingxin Kong , Massimiliano Tamborski , Stefano V. Albrecht

Autonomous vehicles hold great promise in improving the future of transportation. The driving models used in these vehicles are based on neural networks, which can be difficult to validate. However, ensuring the safety of these models is…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Maximilian Zipfl , Sven Spickermann , J. Marius Zöllner

Safety-critical scenarios are essential for the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs) but are rare in real-world driving data. While simulation offers a way to generate such scenarios, manually designed test cases lack scalability, and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Zimu Gong , Brian Zhaoning Zhang , Chris Zhang , Kelvin Wong , Raquel Urtasun

Increasing complexity in the power system and the transformation towards a smart grid lead to the necessity of new tools and methods for the development and testing of new technologies. One testing method is co-simulation, which allows…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Jan Sören Schwarz , Cornelius Steinbrink , Sebastian Lehnhoff

An open question in autonomous driving is how best to use simulation to validate the safety of autonomous vehicles. Existing techniques rely on simulated rollouts, which can be inefficient for finding rare failure events, while other…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Anthony Corso , Ritchie Lee , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

This paper addresses the validation of electric vehicle supply equipment by means of a real-time capable co-simulation approach. This setup implies both pure software and real-time simulation tasks with different sampling rates dependent on…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Felix Lehfuss , Georg Lauss , Christian Seitl , Fabian Leimgruber , Martin Noehrer , Thomas I. Strasser

The technology in the area of automated vehicles is gaining speed and promises many advantages. However, with the recent introduction of conditionally automated driving, we have also seen accidents. Test protocols for both, conditionally…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-08-24 Alessia Knauss , Jan Schröder , Christian Berger , Henrik Eriksson

Traffic simulation is important for transportation optimization and policy making. While existing simulators such as SUMO and MATSim offer fully-featured platforms and utilities, users without too much knowledge about these platforms often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Yuwei Du , Jun Zhang , Jie Feng , Zhicheng Liu , Jian Yuan , Yong Li

Autonomous driving has been the subject of increased interest in recent years both in industry and in academia. Serious efforts are being pursued to address legal, technical and logistical problems and make autonomous cars a viable option…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-31 Nan Li , Dave Oyler , Mengxuan Zhang , Yildiray Yildiz , Ilya Kolmanovsky , Anouck Girard