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Existing test-time adaptation (TTA) approaches often adapt models with the unlabeled testing data stream. A recent attempt relaxed the assumption by introducing limited human annotation, referred to as Human-In-the-Loop Test-Time Adaptation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Yushu Li , Yongyi Su , Xulei Yang , Kui Jia , Xun Xu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to address distribution shifts between source and target data by relying solely on target data during testing. In open-world scenarios, models often encounter noisy samples, i.e., samples outside the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Chentao Cao , Zhun Zhong , Zhanke Zhou , Tongliang Liu , Yang Liu , Kun Zhang , Bo Han

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has increasingly been an important topic to efficiently tackle the cross-domain distribution shift at test time for medical images from different institutions. Previous TTA methods have a common limitation of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Hongzheng Yang , Cheng Chen , Meirui Jiang , Quande Liu , Jianfeng Cao , Pheng Ann Heng , Qi Dou

Test-time adaptation (TTA) for large language models (LLMs) updates model parameters at inference time using signals available at deployment. This paper focuses on a common yet under-explored regime: unsupervised, sample-specific TTA, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Longhuan Xu , Cunjian Chen , Feng Yin

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) aims to empower perception systems to handle dynamic distribution shifts encountered after deployment. Existing methods predominantly follow a backward-alignment paradigm, which rigidly aligns incoming…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhilin Zhu , Yabin Wang , Zhiheng Ma , Yaguang Song , Yaowei Wang , Xiaopeng Hong

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to correct performance degradation of deep models under distribution shifts by updating models or inputs using unlabeled test data. Input-only diffusion-based TTA methods improve robustness for classification…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Jihyun Yu , Yoojin Oh , Wonho Bae , Mingyu Kim , Junhyug Noh

Adaptation of pretrained vision-language models such as CLIP to various downstream tasks have raised great interest in recent researches. Previous works have proposed a variety of test-time adaptation (TTA) methods to achieve strong…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Taolin Zhang , Jinpeng Wang , Hang Guo , Tao Dai , Bin Chen , Shu-Tao Xia

Vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP achieve strong zero-shot recognition but degrade significantly under \textit{temporally evolving distribution shifts} common in real-world scenarios (e.g., gradual illumination or seasonal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Shuang Cui , Jinglin Xu , Yi Li , Xiongxin Tang , Jiangmeng Li , Jiahuan Zhou , Fanjiang Xu , Fuchun Sun , Hui Xiong

Real-world time series often exhibit a non-stationary nature, degrading the performance of pre-trained forecasting models. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adjusting models during inference, but existing methods typically update…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Heitor R. Medeiros , Hossein Sharifi-Noghabi , Gabriel L. Oliveira , Saghar Irandoust

Domain Adaptation (DA) techniques are important for overcoming the domain shift between the source domain used for training and the target domain where testing takes place. However, current DA methods assume that the entire target domain is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-09 Abu Md Niamul Taufique , Chowdhury Sadman Jahan , Andreas Savakis

While there are many advantages to deploying machine learning models on edge devices, the resource constraints of mobile platforms, the dynamic nature of the environment, and differences between the distribution of training versus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Cynthia Dong , Hong Jia , Young D. Kwon , Georgios Rizos , Cecilia Mascolo

Deep learning models often struggle under natural distribution shifts, a common challenge in real-world deployments. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adapting models during inference without labeled source data. We present the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-23 John Turnbull , Shivam Grover , Amin Jalali , Ali Etemad

This paper presents a simple yet effective approach that improves continual test-time adaptation (TTA) in a memory-efficient manner. TTA may primarily be conducted on edge devices with limited memory, so reducing memory is crucial but has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Junha Song , Jungsoo Lee , In So Kweon , Sungha Choi

Fault detection is crucial in industrial systems to prevent failures and optimize performance by distinguishing abnormal from normal operating conditions. Data-driven methods have been gaining popularity for fault detection tasks as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Han Sun , Kevin Ammann , Stylianos Giannoulakis , Olga Fink

Test Time Adaptation (TTA) is a pivotal concept in machine learning, enabling models to perform well in real-world scenarios, where test data distribution differs from training. In this work, we propose a novel approach called pseudo Source…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Manogna Sreenivas , Goirik Chakrabarty , Soma Biswas

Test-time Adaptation (TTA) poses a challenge, requiring models to dynamically adapt and perform optimally on shifting target domains. This task is particularly emphasized in real-world driving scenes, where weather domain shifts occur…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Dongjae Jeon , Taeheon Kim , Seongwon Cho , Minhyuk Seo , Jonghyun Choi

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has recently emerged as a promising approach for improving time series forecasting (TSF) under distribution shift. Existing TSF-TTA methods differ in how they utilize revealed targets, yet the resulting adaptation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Haochun Wang , Ruichen Xu , Georgios Kementzidis , Karen Cho , Sebastian Ramirez Villarreal , Yuefan Deng

Data augmentation is known to contribute significantly to the robustness of machine learning models. In most instances, data augmentation is utilized during the training phase. Test-Time Augmentation (TTA) is a technique that instead…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-20 Masanari Kimura , Howard Bondell

Deploying machine learning (ML) models in the wild is challenging as it suffers from distribution shifts, where the model trained on an original domain cannot generalize well to unforeseen diverse transfer domains. To address this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Tianshuo Cong , Xinlei He , Yun Shen , Yang Zhang

In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), objects connect through a dynamic network, empowered by technologies like 5G, enabling real-time data sharing. However, smart objects, notably autonomous vehicles, face challenges in critical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Benoît Gérin , Anaïs Halin , Anthony Cioppa , Maxim Henry , Bernard Ghanem , Benoît Macq , Christophe De Vleeschouwer , Marc Van Droogenbroeck